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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #164.
*Waxuhiya, snow./Wa/ means ‘snow’ in 3 languages, /Ba/ in 3. Several others are very similar to /Wa/, namely /We’/, /Wahu/, /Wahuhii/, /Wawawa/. Also /Ma/, /Ma’nh/, /Ma’pii/.
Yesan /Hohiiye/ and Ofo /Echufii/ fit in with Biloxi /Wahu/ and Hochak /Wahuhii/ to suggest /Waxuhiiya/; the -x- reflects not only -h- but the -ch- and the /’/ in Mandan and Hidatsa. The change of initial W- to B- is also responsible for /Biiya/ and /Poyde/.1 WOCCON /Wawawa/
2 CATAWBA /We’/
3 YESAN /Hohiiye/
4 OFO /Echufii/
5 BILOXI /Wahu/
6 QUAPAW /Poyde/
7 OMAHA /Ma/
8 KAW /Ba/
9 OSAGE /Ba/
10 HOCHAK /Wahuhii/, /Wa/
11 CHIWERE /Ba/
12 MANDAN /Ma’nh/
13 DAKOTA /Wa/
14 NAKODA /Wa/
15 HIDATSA /Ma’pii/
16 CROW /Biiya/Rankin derives #1, 2, 5, 7-9, 10b, 11-13, and 16 from PS *Wa or *Wawa, snow. However he derives #6 and 10a separately from PS *Wahu, *Wawahu, *Wahure or *Wawahure, also ‘snow’.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #165.
*Menin-adaskexee, ice.The Biloxi form /Atxee/ is the same as the verb ‘to freeze’ (#145).
I previously reconstructed “water” as *Menin and “to freeze” as *Adaskexee. The resulting *Menin-adaskexee looks like a good candidate for the ancestor most of these words for ‘ice’ below.1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Monhii/
3 YESAN /Nonq/, /Mingiiracha/
4 OFO
5 BILOXI /Atxee/ = “to freeze”
6 QUAPAW /Toxata/
7 OMAHA /Nuxee/
8 KAW /Nonghee/
9 OSAGE /Nonxee/
10 HOCHAK /Nunq/
11 CHIWERE /Nunxee/
12 MANDAN ?
13 DAKOTA /Tchaga/
14 NAKODA /Chaga/
15 HIDATSA /Maduxii/
16 CROW /Buluxa/Rankin’s reconstruction of the same is *Runxe or *Warunxe ‘ice’, mentioning all of the above terms except Biloxi.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #166.
*Xichoti, smoke.In Ofo the first part of /Apheeshiihii/ clearly relates to /Apheetii/, fire (from *Apeetii). The other forms beginning with /P-/ also may have incorporated *Apeetii fire at some point.
Aside from that we have the series Shota, Shoda, Shote, Shoje, Shojee, Shodsee, Shudee. This is cognate with the /-shiihii/ in Ofo, and Biloxi /Kusiidii/ with evidence of the first syllable, which was probably *Xii- as in Hochak, considering also Chiwere /Xeemana/ “fog” from *Xichoti-amanxan, etc. Woccon /Tushee/ is also cognate and evidence of a medial -ch- rather than -sh-.1 WOCCON /Tushee/
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Apheeshiihii/
5 BILOXI /Kusiidii/
6 QUAPAW /Shote/
7 OMAHA /Shudee/
8 KAW /Shojee/
9 OSAGE /Shodsee/
10 HOCHAK /Xii/
11 CHIWERE /Shoje/
12 MANDAN /Pii’he/
13 DAKOTA /Shota/
14 NAKODA /Shoda/
15 HIDATSA /Piiye/
16 CROW /Puwa’ee/Rankin’s reconstruction is P’ohe “fog, smoke” from #12, 15, 16, see also word #161 “fog”.
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