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Possession
There are 2 kinds of possession of nouns in Tutelo: inalienable possession and alienable possession.
Inalienable possession is used with nouns that are considered permanent or necessary to have, such as most family, body parts, as well as ‘house’.
Alienable possession is used with nouns that are considered more temporary or unnecessary to have, such as a blanket, dog, or your spouse
Inalienable possession: kinship
Heres how to talk about your or someone else’s family. Add these terms to the kinship term, and don’t forget to make the appropriate sound changes. Wañg occurs before nouns that start with b, ch, d, g, k, j, p, and t. Wai is used otherwise. Most nouns for kinship use patient pronouns.
My — wi- (mi)
Your (one person) — yi- / hi-
His, hers, it’s — nothing
our — wai- /wañg- (mai/mañg)
your all — -bú
their — -helE
How you address your dad — daadi or daad
How you address your mom — hiinaañ, or mihiinaañ
To address the rest of your family, us the term “my”. So, to address your son, you would say miháñke, or “my son”. If you just say háñke, you are referring to someone else’s son.
eldser sister — -noñx
my elder sister — minoñx /wi-noñx/
your elder sister — hinoñx /hi-noñx/
his elder sister — noñx
our elder sister — mainoñx /wai-noñx/
brother-in-law — -tahañni
my brother-in-law — witahañni or witahañn
your brother-in-law — yitahañni or yitahañn
his brother-in-law — tahañni or tahañn
our brother-in-law — mañxtahañni or mañxtahañn /wañg-tahañni/
daughter/daughter-in-law — -oháañke
my daughter-in-law — wioháañke, or mioháañk
your daughter-in-law — hioháañke, or hioháañk
his daughter-in-law — oháañke, or oháañk
our daughter-in-law — waioháañke, or waioháañk
daughter/son (child) — -déeka
my daughter/son — widéeka
your daughter/son — yidéeka or hidéeka
his daughter/son — déeka
our daughter/son — mañxdéeka
your (pl) daughter/son — yidéekabu /yi-déeka-bú/
their daughter/son — déekahla /déeka-helE/
elder brother — -táñsg
my elder brother — witáñsg
your elder brother — yitáñsg
his elder brother — táñsg
our elder brother — mañxtáñsg
father-in-law — -doñd
my father-in-law — midoñd
your father-in-law — hidoñd
his father-in-law — doñd
our father-in-law — mánxdoñd
grandfather — -dokáñx
my grandfather — widokáñx
your grandfather — hidokáñx
his grandfather — dokáñx
our grandfather — mañxdokáñx
your (pl) grandfather — dokáñxbu
their grandfather — dokáñxhla or dokáñx
grandfather — -goñkág
my grandfather — migoñkag
your grandfather — yigoñkag
his grandfather — goñkag
our grandfather — mañxgoñkag
grandmother, grandfather — -gooñ
my grandmother — higooñ (don’t know why this isn’t migooñ)
your grandmother — igooñ, or yigooñ
his grandmother — gooñ
our grandmother — mañxgooñ
man’s elder brother — -wahiyig
my elder brother (said by man)– wiwahiyig or wiwahyig
your elder brother (said by woman)– hiwahiyig or hiwahyig
his elder brother (said by woman)– wahiyig or wahyig
our elder brother (said by woman)– waiwahiyig or waiwahyig
mother — -hooñnii
my mother — mihooñnii, or mihooñ
your mother — yihooñnii, or ihooñ
his mother — hooñnii, or hooñ
our mother — maihooñnii, or maihooñ
nephew — dósga
my nephew — widósga
your nephew — hidósga
his nephew — dósga
our nephew — mañxdósga
niece — -dosiñg
my niece — widosiñg
your niece — hidosiñg
his niece — dosiñg
our niece — mañxdosiñg
son — háñke
my son — miháñke /wi-háñ-ke/
your son — yiháñke /yi-háñ-ke/
his son — háñke
our son — maiháñke /wai-háñ-ke/
stepchild — -gihiyé
my stepchild — wigihiyé, or wigihyé
your stepchild — yigihiyé, or igihyé
his stepchild — gihiyé , or gihyé
our stepchild — mañxgihyé
stepdaughter — -oháñxgihiyé
my stepdaughter — miohañxgihiyé
your stepdaughter — yiohañxgihiyé
his stepdaughter — ohañxgihiyé
our stepdaughter — waiohañxgihiyé
stepson — -hañxgihiyé
my stepson — mihañxgihiyé
your stepson — hañxyigihiyé /hañx-yi-gihiyé/
his stepson — hañxgihiyé
our stepson — maihañxgihiyé
stepson or stepdaughter (stepchild) — -dekagihiyé
my stepchild — widekagihiyé
your stepchild — yidekagihiyé
his stepchild — dekagihiyé
our stepchild — mañxdekagihiyé
uncle/mother’s brother — néeg
my uncle — minéeg
your uncle — yinéeg
his uncle — néeg
our uncle — mainéeg
your(pl) uncle — inéegbu or yinéegbu
their uncle — inéeghla or yinéeghla
woman’s elder brother — -tal
my elder brother (said by woman)– wital
your elder brother (said by woman)– yital
his elder brother (said by woman)– tal
our elder brother (said by woman)– mañxtal
younger brother — -noona
my younger brother — minoona or minoon
your younger brother — yinoona or inoon
his younger brother — noona or noon
our younger brother — wainoona or wainoon
younger brother — -sóñdga
my younger brother — wisoñdg or wisoñdga
your younger brother — hisoñdg or hisoñdga
his younger brother — soñdg or soñdga
our younger brother — maisoñdg or maisoñdga
your (pl) younger brother — yisoñdgabu
their younger brother — soñdgahla
younger sister — dahañk
my younger sister — widahañk
your younger sister — hidahañk
his younger sister — dahañk
our younger sister — mañxdahañk
The words for father and house are done a little differently. They use actor pronouns.
father — áadi
my father — wáadi
your father — yáad or yáadi
his father — áad or áadi
our father — máañd or máañdi
your (pl) father — yaadbu
their father — áadihla
house — atíi
my house — waatíi
your house — yaatíi
his house — atíi
our house — maañtíi
your (pl) house — yaatíibu
their house — atíihla
Do you know of any words that sound like this and their meanings?
WEE – HA -NA or WEH – HEY – NA
Thanks!
Hi Felicia!
OK, sounds like that would be wihana or weheina in the style I’m writing Tutelo
Closest thing in Oliverio is wixá- raccoon or fox. Wi by itself means ‘I’. For instance wixaka is ‘I weep’. Xaka is ‘weep’. So hana could be a verb of unknown meaning.
Giwihíina means ‘I don’t come’. Gi- -na is negative, wi- is I, híi is come.
Wiñ can sometimes sound like we, it means ‘me’, Its also used at the beginning of a verb, but I found no meaning for heina. Hee means ‘to say’, but you wouldn’t use wi or wiñ with it. ‘I speak’ is wahée
Weehee biiwa is ‘summer’, but weehee is of unknown meaning, biiwa is ‘good’
Hope this helps!
Inalienable possession: body parts
Heres how to talk about parts of the body. Note that some of the pronouns used are different than those used by kinship terms. Nouns for body parts use dative pronouns.
My — wiñ- (miñ)
Your (one person) — yiñ-
His, hers, it’s — nothing
our — wai- /wañg- (mai/mañg)
your all — -pú
their — -helE
hand, finger — háagi
my hand — miñháagi
your hand — wiñháagi
his hand — háagi
our hand — waiháagi
your (pl) hand — yiñháagbu or yiñháaxbu or yiñháagibu
their hand — háagihla or háaghla or háagihela
Do the same thing for the different fingers, by adding the pronoun before haag:
middle finger — haag ayaañdohlañ
thumb — haakoohgaai
little finger — haag iiñs
index finger — haag obuusgañ
arm — hisdóo
my arm — miñhisdóo
your arm — yiñhisdóo
his arm — hisdóo
our arm — waihisdóo
ear — naxuux
my ear — miñnaxuux
your ear — yiñnaxuux
his ear — naxuux
our ear — wainaxuux
hair — nañtóoñ
my hair — miñnañtóoñ
your hair — yiñnañtóoñ
his hair — nañtóoñ
our hair — mainañtóoñ
leg — nii
my leg — miñnii
your leg — yiñnii
his leg — nii
our leg — mainii
head — pasuu
my head — miñpasuu
your head — yiñpasuu
his head — pasuu
our head — maiñgpasuu
your (pl) head — yiñpasuubu
their head — pasuuhla or pasuuhela
forehead — pania -te
my forehead — pania miñte
your forehead — pania yiñte
his forehead — pania te
our forehead — pania mañxte
neck — taseei
my neck — miñtaseei
your neck — yiñtaseei
his neck — taseei
our neck — mañxtaseei
eye — dasuu
my eye — miñdasuu
your eye — yiñdasuu
his eye — dasuu
our eye — mañxdasuu
face — té
my face — miñte
your face — yiñte
his face — te
our face — mañxte
Alienable possession is used with nouns that are considered more temporary or unnecessary to have, such as a blanket, dog, or your spouse
Definitely the point of view a matrilineal culture. Funny.
Seems like Weeheyna could mean “I come.” Or is there already something else known to mean that? Felicia, would that make sense in the context you heard it ?
Wihii or weehee means ‘I come’. I don’t know what the na at the end would mean without gi at the beginning of the word. The problem is, if this is from a native speaker, this could easily be a word that was never recorded. If heyna is a verb that was never recorded, then hes saying ‘I heyna’.
Theres less than 1000 Tutelo words known, and there were probably 10s of thousands known by native speakers. Its possible this could even be a personal name.
Alienable possession
To make this even more confusing, alienable possessed nouns can show possession in three different ways.
1. Patient pronoun plus daa
My — widaa-
Your — yidaa
His, hers, it’s — daa-
our — wañgdaa- (mañxdaa)
There are only 4 nouns known to use this form
wife/woman — miháañ
my wife — widaamiháañ
your wife — yidaamiháañ
his wife — daamiháañ
child — guujgaa/ waaguujgaa
my child — widaaguujgaa/ widaawaaguujgaa
your child — yidaaguujgaa/ yidaawaaguujgaa
his child — daaguujgaa/ daawaaguujgaa
our child — mañxdaaguujgaa/ mañxdaawaaguujgaa
husband/man — waañhgi
my wife — widaawaañhgi
your wife — yidaawaañhgi
his wife — daawaañhgi
friend — xée
my friend — widaaxee
your friend — yidaaxee
his friend — daaxee
our friend — mañxdaaxee
2. Using the verb gíidoñ — to belong, be one’s own
It is mine — miñgíidoñ /wiñ-gíidoñ/
It is yours — yiñgíidoñ /yiñ-gíidoñ/
It is his — gíidoñ /gíidoñ/
It is ours — mañxgíidoñ or mañhgíidoñ /wañg-gíidoñ/
It is yours (pl) — yiñgíidoñbu /yiñ-gíidoñ-bu/
It is theirs — gíidoñhla /gíidoñ-helE/
These are the nouns known to use this verb. Note that wife (woman) and child can also be used with this verb. Also, in all the examples, -i (indefinite suffix, see the Random Grammar Stuff thread) is added to the end of the verb.
Child — guujgaa/ waaguujgaa
Stick — hañgsí
Axe, hatchet — hiséebi
Foot — isíi
Wife/ woman — miháañ
Handkerchief — mihañsá
Bed — saasi
Example:
Axe, hatchet — hiséebi
my axe — hiséeb miñgíidoñwi
your axe — hiséeb yiñgíidoñwi
his axe — hiséeb gíidoñwi
our axe — hiséeb mañxgíidoñwi
your (pl) axe — hiséeb yiñgíidoñbuwi
their axe — hiséeb gíidoñhlei
3. Possession of a dog.
This verb is only used with the word dog, choñgo.
To own (a dog) — ohgíñpi or hgiñpi
my dog — chong owahgíñpi or chong wahgíñpi /o-wa-hgíñpi/
your dog — chong oyahgíñpi or chong yahgíñpi /o-ya-hgíñpi/
his dog — chong ohgíñpi or chong gíñpi /ohgíñpi/
our dog — chong mañohgíñpi or chong mañxgíñpi /wáñ-ohgíñpi/
your (pl) dog — chong oyahgíñpui or chong yahgiñpui /ya-ohgíñp-bu-i/
their dog — chong ohgíñpina or chong giñpina /ohgíñpi-helE/ (l in helE changes to n)
Possible alienable possessed nouns.
Don’t know for sure how these nouns would be possessed, possibly under the first method. Some of them do have da or ta in them.
Aunt — tomiiñ, watemai
Sister — wineeg
Younger sister — dahañk
Face — talúugna, taluubna
Nose — paaxdii
Pupil — suu
Of course there are many more nouns in the dictionary than what I’ve posted on this thread so far. But the way to show possession for them isn’t found in Oliverio, so I’m going have to study this and make an educated guess. I’ll leave that for later.
This and that, here and there
this, here — lée or née
that, there — hee
that way over there, yonder — ga or goo
Add -wa to the end of these words and they become stative verbs.
This is it, here it is — leewa
That is it, there it is — heewa
that over there is it, there it is(far away) — goowa
some sentences
What is this? — kakañ leewo?
This is a dog. — chooñgi leewa
What is that? — kakañ heewo?
That is a hat. — apatu bogsowi heewa
What is that over there? — kakañ goowo?
That over there is a tree. — onii goowa
Where do you live? — dookaa yatiiwo?
I live here. — leewa watiiwa
Where does your younger brother live? — dookaa hisoñdga tiiwo?
My younger brother lives there. — heewa wisoñdga tiiwa
Where do they live? — dookaa yatiihlewo?
They live way over there. — goowa watiihlewa
You lay this down. — leewa hiñmañga
These are more pronouns. Oliverio calls these emphatic and restrictive pronouns
Emphatic pronouns
I myself, or I alone — wiisáañ
You yourself, or you alone — yiisáañ
He himself, or he alone — iisáañ
We ourselves, or we alone — waiisáañ
Restrictive pronouns
I alone — ikáwisáañ
You alone — ikáyisáañ
He alone — ikáisáañ
We alone — ikáwaisáañ
Iká is the word for only, so these could also mean only I, only you, etc
Example sentences
I myself killed the buffalo — wiisáañ iaap wagdéeooka
He himself made the basket — iisáañ pahiñ ooñka
I alone/only I am dancing — ikáwisáañ wigiichíiwa
We alone/only we will go — ikáwaisáañ mañpéeda
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