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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #9
*Hneendo, here.These are all the main words meaning “here” for each language, and what I see as their likely relationship. They mostly retain some similarity to the words for “this” from *Hndeewa / *Hndeeke, but the distinction is maintained with a slightly different term for “here” in all of them – except for in Ofo, where as we have seen *Hndeewa has coalesced with *Hneendo into one word; and to some extent, in Yesanechi, where the equivalent word /Nee/ (Ney) can be interchangeable with the words Lewa, Newa, Neke “this”.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Hapre/ ?<*Hapde <*Hamde <*Heende <*Hneendii <*Hneendu <*Hneendo
3. YESAN /Nee/ <*Needii <*Neendii <*Hneendii ^
4. OFO /Lemontii/ <*Lemon “this” + *Hemontii <*Henontii <*Henondi <*Hneendii ^
5. BILOXI /Etii/, /Tu/ <*Eetu <*Eedu <*Eendu <*Neendu <*Hneendu ^
6. QUAPAW /Dedo/ <*Deedo <*Needo <*Neendo <*Hneendo
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Theethu/ <*Deedu <*Deedo ^
8. KANSA /Yega/ <*Yego <*Jego <*Jeego <*Deego <*Deedo ^
9. OSAGE /Dheega/ <*Deega <*Deego ^
10. HOCHAK /Hiigii/ <*Xiigii <*Shiigii <*Cheegii <*Jeegii <*Deegii <*Deegu <*Deego ^
11.CHIWERE /Jeegii/ ^
12. MANDAN ?
13. DAKOTA /Deed/, LAK. /Leetu/ <*Needu <*Needo ^
14. NAKOTA /Neen/ <*Need <*Needu ^
15. HIDATSA ./Hiito/ <*Hiindo <*Hiyindo <*Hliindo < *Hleendo <*Hneendo
16. CROW /Hiileen/ <*Hleen <*Hleendo ^Rankin mentions only some of these words above, and has them as coming from four different putative proto-Siouan words for “here”: *Hi, *Re, *Ko, and *Ti. From *Hi, he derives the words shown above for languages #15 and 16, although his unknown informant for Hidatsa, identified only as “J”, gives the word as /Hiiro/; I went with the pronunciations the tribes indicate in their online materials. He traces those for #3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 to *Re, or actually the two *Re’s, which as we have seen he indicated to also both mean “this”. However, besides #8 Kansa /Yega/ he also gives the form /Yego/, which he considers to come from a separate proto-Siouan word for “here”, *Ko, rather than simply a variant of /Yega/. (but not the same as the *Ko supposedly meaning “that”, either). He also mentions the Biloxi /Etii/, as coming from Proto-Siouan *-Ti, “locative”.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #10
*Heedi, there.The main words in each language for “there” share too many similarities to be coincidence; surely they are all easily cognate, and share a common ancestor that was not too far off such as /*Heedii/ (Remember I also spell it Heedi, since there is no short I in proto-Siouan.)
Hidatsa often shares the most conservative features with Yesan, so it is tempting to see the Hidatsa ending –kowa and Yesan –wa as related. This would betoken a longer protoform such as /*Heediikowa/, however in this case since an ending such as –wa can easily arise out of almost anywhere, I see this as too weak and suspect rather that Hidatsa added the -kowa to make Hiidiikowa “there” at some point when it started sounding too much like Hiidii meaning “this”.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Hadhii/ <*Hadii <*Hedii <*Heedii
3. YESAN /Heewa/ <*Heewe <*Heede <*Heedii
4. OFO ?
5. BILOXI /Hee/ <*Heewe ^
6. QUAPAW /Eetii/ <*Eedii <*Heedii
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Eedii/ ^
8. KANSA /Eejii/ <*Eedii ^
9. OSAGE /Eedsii/ <*Eejii ^
10. HOCHAK /Hija/ <*Heja <*Heeja <*Heeda <*Heede ^
11.CHIWERE /Gaida/ <*Geeda <*Heeda ^
12. MANDAN ?
13. DAKOTA /Heed/ <*Heedii
14. NAKOTA /Zheen/ <*Zheed <*Sheed <*Xeed <*Heed ^
15. HIDATSA /Hiidiikowa/ <*Heediikowa <*Heedii +*-kowa
16. CROW /Eehkon/ <*Eedkon <*Eedkowe <*Heedkowe <*Heediikowa ^Rankin has a few of these words for “there” but rejects their all being related, assigning them four or five totally separate histories, as composed variously of some of his now-familiar elements, including *He, *E, and *Ka, said to mean “that” as we have seen; *Hi, which we saw as meaning “here”, and *-ti which we saw as “locative”; and with the introduction of two new elements for “locative”, *-wa and *-ta. More specifically, he traces Biloxi /Hee/ directly to *He, Yesanechi /Heewa/ to *He+*wa, #6-9 to *E+*ti, Hochunk /Hija/ to *Hi+*ta, and Chiwere /Gaida/ (given as Gada) to *Ka+*ta.
Rankin’s model thus supposes that although the terms *He-wa, *E-ti, *Hi-ta and *Ka-ta would all be composed of proto-Siouan elements, recognizable to all speakers of the common language, yet somehow each tribe managed to inherit a different one of these terms, to the exclusion of the other three terms, as comprehensible in the sense of “there”.
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #11
*Ketoweyen, who.Another set of words that seem clearly related, for “who” in each language, and all surely from a common ancestor like *Ketoweyen.
In Biloxi, the words from *Ketoweyen, who, and *Taguen, what (tomorrow’s word, #12), have coalesced into one word, ‘Kawa’, meaning both “who” and “what”. All the other languages still have separate terms for “who” and “what”, for example in Yesanechi, who and what are ‘Ketowa’ and ‘Kaken’.1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Towiiwente/ <*Toweewent <*Toweewen <*Toweyen <*Ketoweyen
3. YESAN /Ketowa/ <*Ketowya <*Ketoweya <*Ketoweyen
4. OFO /Beekon/ <*Weexen <*Weehen <*Weyen <*Teweyen <*Toweyen ^
5. BILOXI /Kawa/ <*Kowa <*Ko’owa <*Kotowa <*Kotohwa <*Ketowya ^
6. QUAPAW /Kotoha/, /Howa/ <*Kotohwa ^
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Eebee/ <*Eebeeya <*Eeweeya <*Teweya <*Teweyen ^
8. KANSA /Bee/ <*Eebee ^
9. OSAGE /Eebeeya/ ^
10. HOCHAK /Peezhege/ <*Beezhe <*Beeye <*Weye <*Weyen ^
11.CHIWERE /Wayee/ <*Weye ^
12. MANDAN /Teewee/ <*Tewee <*Towee <*Toweye <*Toweyen^
13. DAKOTA /Tuwe/ <*Tuwee <*Towee ^
14. NAKOTA /Duwee/ <*Tuwee ^
15. HIDATSA /Tapee/ <*Tabee <*Tawee <*Towee ^
16. CROW /Sapee/ <*Tsapee <*Tapee ^Rankin’s etymology for the words for “who” involves the previously seen elements *Ka and *E, “that”, as well as three new ones meaning “interrogative”, *-we, * Wa and *Ta- (not to be confused with *–wa and *-ta meaning “locative”) , and one new element meaning “who”, *Pe. He derives #5 above from *Ka-wa, #15 and 16 from *Ta-pe, and #7,8,9 from *E-pe; he also sees *Wa in #11, *Pe in #4 and #10, and *-we in #12 and 13. He does not consider or mention words #2,3 ,6 or 14.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #12
*Taguen, what.Note: I could also write this as *Tagwen; I merely prefer the spelling gu to gw for my own aesthetic reasons, but my phonetic transcription is not meant to be so precise as to distinguish /gue/ as different from /gwe/, sorry if this confuses anyone…! It would be pronounced in 2 syllables like /TAH-gwehn/ (and remember the n is nasal as in french!)
Note on Yesanechi: Hale in his notes from Grand River 1878 and 1879 indicated the word for “what” was /Akeⁿ/; and in 1883 he again gave /Akeⁿ/ for “what”, plus /Kakaⁿwa/ for the phrase “what is it.”
Oliverio and I drew slightly different conclusions from Hale’s raw data about the exact nature of the ending vowel of the Yesan word. I would consider it as ‘Aken’ or ‘Kaken’, while she prefers to represent it as ‘Kakan’, ‘Akan’.Note on Biloxi: There is one word /Kawa/ meaning both “what” and “who”, because the words from *Taguen and *Ketoweyen (word #11) became similar in sound (*Kawen and *Kowa) then coalesced into /Kawa/ when they could no longer be distinguished. This happened only in Biloxi.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Turete/ <*Tudete <*Tode’n <*Tadewen <*Tadowen <*Tagowen <*Taguen
3. YESAN /Kaken/ <*Kagen <*Kaguen <*Taguen
4. OFO /Kiiyaw/ <*Kiyawen <*Kahwen <*Kaguen ^
5. BILOXI /Kawa/ <*Kawen <*Kahwen ^
6. QUAPAW /Taton/ <*Tadon <*Tadowen ^
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Eedadawin/ <*Dadawen <*Dadowen <*Tadowen ^
8. KANSA /Dadan/ <*Dadon <*Dadowen ^
9. OSAGE /Dadon/ ^
10. HOCHAK /Jagu/ <*Dagu <*Tagu <*Tague <*Taguen
11.CHIWERE /Dagu/ ^
12. MANDAN /Ta/ <*Tagu ^
13. DAKOTA /Taku/ <*Tagu ^
14. NAKOTA /Dagu/ <*Tagu ^
15. HIDATSA /Tapa/ <*Tawe <*Tague ^
16. CROW /Sapa/ <*Tsapa <*Tapa ^Rankin derives Biloxi /Kawa/ as we have seen yesterday, to Proto-Siouan *Ka-wa, “that” + “interrogative”. That would suggest these same proto-Siouan elements, unchanged in Biloxi, would have been recognizable to the speakers of the common ancestral language, despite the fact that only Biloxi uses it for “what, who” while all the other languages adopted forms from other stems. He says the Omaha word is from *E-ta, “that” + “interrogative”, then followed by *-dan, another interrogative particle he traces as far as “Proto-Mississippi Valley” (PMV), but not all the way to Proto-Siouan (PS). Similarly, #6,8, and 9 above are credited to just these two interrogatives, *Ta- and the later *-dan. He has #10, 11, and 13 as from PMV *Taku “something”, again from earlier PS *Ta, and likewise sees *Ta as surviving in the Mandan word. Lastly, while we at least agree that Hidatsa /Tapa/ and Crow /Sapa/ probably both come from a common /Tapa/, he sees this as composed of original Proto-Siouan *Ta ‘interrogative’ + *Pa, another (hitherto unseen) interrogative particle. Not mentioned by Rankin: #2, 3, 4, 14.
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