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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #84
*Chompqahu, wing.The ending *-ahu seems to have been preserved in Hochak-Chiwere and Dheghigan, /Ahu/, /Ahii/, /Ahiin/, and likely also Biloxi /Aqeeya/ (“q” being a guttural sound between k and h, and “x” is a raspier version of the same sound)
Dakota /Xupahu/ (very similar to “knee” in the case of Dakota only) and Nakoda /Xubahu/ suggest that there was another syllable like *Xup- in front of *-ahu. This seems confirmed by the remaining forms for “wing” which preserve everything but the final -hu: /Iichpa/, /Yaxpa/, /Anpqa/, /Chshompka/.
Those last four together with the /Xuba-/ and /Xupa-/ are the surviving signs of the first 2 syllables; Crow and Hidatsa agree with Dakota in the 2nd syllable /-pa-/, while Mandan and Ofo have /-pqa/ and /-pka/. Crow and Hidatsa have -ch- and -x- before the -P- which may preserve the transposed -Q- sound that was after -P-.
Mandan and Ofo suggest the first syllable was nasalised (n or m not followed by a vowel); the four surviving vowel qualities of u, a, i, and o for the first syllable, probably all came from -o-; and the initial consonants survived as /Chsh-/, /X-/, /Y-/ and /’-/, which could originally be *Ch-; hence my reconstruction for “wing” is *Chompqahu.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Chshompka/
5 BILOXI /Aqeeya/
6 QUAPAW /Ahii/
7 OMAHA /Ahii/
8 KAW /Ahu/
9 OSAGE /Ahiin/
10 HOCHAK /Ahu/
11 CHIWERE /Ahu/
12 MANDAN /Anpqa/
13 DAKOTA /Xupahu
14 NAKODA /Xubahu/
15 HIDATSA /Iichpa/
16 CROW /Yaxpa/Rankin’s analysis derived #4 and 12-16 from Proto-Siouan *Xupa, *Xunpa “wing”, but considers #6-11 to be unrelated and from Proto-Mississippi Valley *Ahu “wing”.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #85
*Atheezii, belly.There is plenty of diversity in each language’s own unique word for “belly” at first sight. The Yesan word /Sementa/ is one of the Iroquoian (Wendat or Erie) direct borrowings I have found.
Most of the rest can be traced to two words, *Atheezii for Ofo, Dhegigan, Mandan and Dakota (a), and *Nyiinxya for Biloxi, Hochak-Chiwere, Dakota (b) and Nakoda. Both words are widespread enough to be ancient, but as the ones with *Atheezii are often more “conservative” languages relative to the ones with *Nyiinxya I have adopted the former.Rankin noticed the link in Ofo, Dhegigan and Dakota (as well as Yesan /Tesi/, “body”) and traced them to proto-Siouan *Ihtesi, not too far off from my result.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Pe/ <?
3 YESAN /Sementa/ <borrowed from Wendat
4 OFO /Itheefii/ <*Itheesii <*Itheezii <*Atheezii
5 BILOXI /Yiixyan/ <*Nyiinxya
6 QUAPAW /Oziizii/ <*Atheezii
7 OMAHA /Deezii/<*Theezii <*Atheezii
8 KAW /Iilozhu/ <*Iidozu <*Adeezii <*Atheezii
9 OSAGE /Tseedhee/ <*Theezee <*Theezii ^
10 HOCHAK /Niinxa/
11 CHIWERE /Nyiixa/
12 MANDAN /Eexii/ <*Eezii <*Theezii ^
13 DAKOTA /Thezii/, /Niigee/
14 NAKODA /Niigee/
15 HIDATSA /
16 CROW /Iishpuwa/ <?William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #86
*Shibee, gutsHere we have remarkable uniformity across most languages, they are all variants of the same word *Shiibee, apart from Catawba /Hasu/ and Hochak /Uch/.
The forms all have /Shu-/, /Shii-/, or /Chii-/ in the first syllable, so the median /*Shii-/ was surely the original.
The second syllable appears as: -pii, -wii, -we (2x), -bee (3x), pee (2x) and -pa. The B is the median between P and W, and the most common vowel quality -ee accounts for later -ii, -e and -a, hence the most likely form of the proto-word for “guts, intestines” seems like *Shiibee.
Rankin didn’t resolve this one too differently, he derived Proto-Siouan *Shipe, *Ishipe “guts, intestines” from these same words. The only actual difference from mine is he prefers P to B; also he is such a fan of the backformationed I- in body parts, he assumes it may have been present here too originally, even though it is not attested here in any language.
No Yesan term for “guts” has been recorded, but I would reconstruct i, based on its neighbours, as /Chiibii/.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Hasu/
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Chiipii/
5 BILOXI / Chiiwii/
6 QUAPAW /Shiiwe/
7 OMAHA /Shiibee/
8 KAW /Shuwee/
9 OSAGE /Shiibee/
10 HOCHAK /Shiip/, /Uch/
11 CHIWERE /Shiiwe/
12 MANDAN /Shiipee/
13 DAKOTA /Shupee/
14 NAKODA /Shubee/
15 HIDATSA ?
16 CROW /Shiipa/William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #87
*Tashiu, neckThe various words for “neck” in Dakotan are somewhat disparate, but I have managed to trace most of them to the original form *Tashiu (/*Tashiiyu/) as shown below.
The other remaining forms, Catawba /Pok/, Hidatsa /Ampa/ and Crow /Apa/ at the territorial fringes, have some possible agreement on -P- , which is feasibly connected, and the Omaha form /Pahii/ may also preserve an earlier P-, but it could just as feasibly have strayed from the T- as found in the other Dhegigan languages.
Ofo and Mandan both show evidence of the backformationed *Iin- prefix (from *Miin-, *Diin-)1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Pok/
3 YESAN /Tase/ <*Tatsii <*Tashii <*Tashiiyu
4 OFO /Ichotii/ <*Totsii <*Tatsii ^
5 BILOXI /Dodii/ <*Totsii ^
6 QUAPAW /Towiita/ <*Totsa <*Totsii ^
7 OMAHA /Pahii/ <*Tahii <*Tahiiyu <*Tashiiyu
8 KAW /Tahu/ <*Tahiiyu ^
9 OSAGE /Tahiiyu/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Chash/ <*Tash <*Tashii ^
11 CHIWERE /Tash/ ^
12 MANDAN /Iintahiinun/ <*Intashiiyu <*Tashiiyu
13 DAKOTA /Thahu/ <*Tahu <*Tashu <*Tashiiyu
14 NAKODA /Tahu/ ^
15 HIDATSA /Ampa/
16 CROW /Apa/Rankin mentions #6, 8, 12, 13, and 14 as being from PS *Ihtahu “neck, nape”; and #3, 10, and 11 as being from PS *Ihtashe “neck, side of neck”; and he also combines #15-16 with several words for “necklace” (which is /Wanapiin/ in most Dakotan & Dhegigan languages) to derive a third PS word for “neck”, *Anpe.
William Meuse
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