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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #100
*Inkasheeha, to laugh.All these forms are interrelated and keep the onomotopeic relationship with the sounds of laughter (probably first suggested by “Qa-xee-ha”, which became solidified as the proto-Dakotan verb, *Inkasheeha)
Rankin reconstructs it as *-xahe, *-xehe.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Hahare/
3 YESAN /Inkseeha/ <*Inkasheeha
4 OFO /Asheehii/ <*Hasheehe <*Kasheeha <*Inkasheeha
5 BILOXI /Haxahe/ < *Hasheehe ^
6 QUAPAW /Iixa/ <*Inka <*Inkasha <*Inkasheeha
7 OMAHA /Iiqa/ <*Iixa ^
8 KAW /Iixa/ ^
9 OSAGE /Iixa/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Hikish/ <*Iikasha <*Inkasha ^
11 CHIWERE /Ii’asha/ <*Iikasha ^
12 MANDAN /Iikqan/ <*Inka ^
13 DAKOTA /Iixata/ <*Inxata <*Inkasha ^
14 NAKODA /Inxa/ <*Inxata ^
15 HIDATSA /Ka/ <*Iiliika <*Inka ^
16 CROW /Iiliika/ ^William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #101
*Hetonwee, to see.These verbs seem to be related, apart from Hidatsa & Crow /Iika/ and my guess for the original is *Hetonwee.
Rankin’s reconstructions for “to see” are *Aranwe, *Aranwehe (from #4-9 & 13), as well as *Ata, *Atare (from #10,11)
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Kune/
3 YESAN /Iine/
4 OFO /Atonhii/ <*Atonwee <*Hetonwee
5 BILOXI /Donhii/ <*Atonhii ^
6 QUAPAW /Tonwe/ <*Tonwee <*Atonwee ^
7 OMAHA /Dawnbee/ <*Tonwee ^
8 KAW /Donbee/ <*Tonwee ^
9 OSAGE /Donbee/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Heje/ <*Heda <*Hedon <*Hetonwee
11 CHIWERE /Ada/ <*Heda ^
12 MANDAN /Hee/ <*Heda ^
13 DAKOTA /Tunwan/ <*Tonwen <*Tonwee ^
14 NAKODA /Dunwan/ <*Tunwan ^
15 HIDATSA /Iika/ < ?
16 CROW /Iika/ ^Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #102
*Nanx’un, to hear.These verbs seem to traceable to Proto-Dakotan *Nanx’un, “to hear” (cf. word #73, *Nanxutswa, “ear”)
Unfortunately no one recorded the Yesan form of this common verb “to hear”, I would thus have to reconstruct it from its neighbours as Yesan *Naxe “to hear”
Cf. also my reconstructed Proto-Algonquian verb *Nondamen “to hear” which may possibly have had some inspiration on Proto-Dakotan *Nanx’un. (Proto-Algonquian *Nondamen might also have influenced Proto-Iroquoian “ear” and “to hear” which I reconstructed as *Ohondah and *Enkatra-hondah respectively.)
Rankin’s Proto-Siouan reconstruction of “to hear” is the same as mine this time, except he favors the consonant *R- to such a degree that he writes it as *Ranx’un — although none of the descended forms show R-, and most show N-.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Nunre/ <*Nanxe <*Nanx’un
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Asxee/ <*Anxe <*Nanxe ^
5 BILOXI / Naqe/ <*Nanxe ^
6 QUAPAW /Nonx’on/ <*Nanx’on <*Nanx’un
7 OMAHA /Na’awn/ <*Nanx’on ^
8 KAW /Nank’on/ <*Nanx’on ^
9 OSAGE /Nonk’on/ <*Nank’on ^
10 HOCHAK /Nanxgun/ <*Nanx’un
11 CHIWERE /Nax’un/ <*Nanx’un
12 MANDAN ?
13 DAKOTA /Nax’un/ ^
14 NAKODA /Nax’un/ ^
15 HIDATSA /Kiikuwa/ <*Iikun <*Anxun <*Nanx’un
16 CROW /Iikuku/ <*Iikun ^William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #103
*Ibahonspee, to knowMany of the terms for “to know” seem to fit this pattern, with 5-12 from the first part *Iibahon, and 3-4, 13-14 from the last part *Onspee. There are also signs in #5 and 11 that the original term included both parts, i.e. *Ibahonspee (*/Iibahonspee/), “to know”.
Note the Yesan form /Onshpee/ was only recorded (by Dorsey) in the negative, e.g. “Kioncpena” = “he doesn’t know”, etc. The form /Onshpee/ was obtained by removing the Negative prefix and suffix (Ki- + -na), also Dorsey seems to consistently use “c” to denote the sound “sh”, although Oliverio et al. render it as “Onspe:”
Rankin separates these words into three Proto-Siouan roots: 1) *Ihun “to know, recognize”, from #5-9 and 11; 2) *Unspe “to know”, from #3-4 and 13-14; and a third unidentified root for #12 and 15-16.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN /Onshpee/
4 OFO /Iinfpee/
5 BILOXI /Yehonii/
6 QUAPAW /Iipahon/
7 OMAHA /Iibahawn/
8 KAW /Iibahon/
9 OSAGE /Iibahon/
10 HOCHAK /Hiperes/
11 CHIWERE /Iiwahunge/
12 MANDAN /Iiheko’sh/
13 DAKOTA /Unspee/
14 NAKODA /Unspee/
15 HIDATSA /Eeke/
16 CROW /Eehche/William Meuse
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