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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #140.
*Hatsee, to say.The verbs for ‘to say’ are remarkably similar, in four it is simply /Ee/ (pronounced like the letter “A”)
I am assuming the Yesan first syllable /Ha-/ is probably older than the rest, and the second syllable would also be *-hee, but for the main divergent ones /Eedii/, /Ud/ and /Shee/ (2x), these suggest to me an original such as *Hatsee (pronounced “hot-say”), to say.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Ud/
3 YESAN /Hahee/
4 OFO /Eehee/
5 BILOXI /Eedii/
6 QUAPAW /Iiyee/
7 OMAHA /Ee/
8 KAW /Ee/
9 OSAGE /Ee/
10 HOCHAK /Ee/
11 CHIWERE /Ee’e/
12 MANDAN /Eehee/
13 DAKOTA /Eeya/
14 NAKODA /Eeya/
15 HIDATSA /Hee/, /Shee/
16 CROW /Hee/, /Shee/However Rankin reconstructs this verb ‘to say’ in ‘Proto-Siouan’ as *He’ – long e with glottal stop, so it would sound like ‘hate’ but without the final t
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #141.
*Waxdonhe, to sing.The verbs for ‘sing’ seem cognate and ultimately worked out in my reconstruction to *Waxdonhe.
Rankin lists most of these verbs together, but calls them “a very difficult set” and does not even attempt any reconstructions.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Mowen/ <*Dowen <*Donwen <*Donhe
3 YESAN /Yameniiye/ <*Yatonhii <*Wadonhii
4 OFO /Atonhii/ <*Yatonhii ^
5 BILOXI /Ya’onii/ <*Yatonhii ^
6 QUAPAW /Wanan/ <*Wadon <*Wadonhii
9 OSAGE /Wathon/ <* Waton <*Wadon ^
8 KAW /Wayon/ <*Waton ^
9 OSAGE /Wathon/ <* Waton ^
10 HOCHAK /Nanwen/ <*Donwen ^
11 CHIWERE /Yanwe/ <Nanwen ^
12 MANDAN /Waqkananro’sh/ <*Waxnanwe
13 DAKOTA /Dowan/ <*Dowen ^
14 NAKODA /Nowan/ <*Dowan ^
15 HIDATSA /Kiipahii/ <*Wahii <*Wadahii <*Wadonhii
16 CROW /Balahii/ <*Wadahii ^
16b /Dawee/ <*Dowen ^William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #142.
*Menenchishkata, to play.These are all the words for ‘play’ I was able to find. The ending *-shkata is evident from the forms /Shkata/, /Shkate/, /Shkada/, /Shkadee/, /Shkadsee/, /Shgaje/, and /Shgach/.
The forms /Miiniinx/, /Anxii/, and /Aniisii/ suggest something like *Menenchii-, and the forms /Chiigaghee/ and /Miidaxatiichkee/ suggest that the two forms were combined in an original such as *Menenchiishkata.
Incidentally, in my Proto-Algonquian reconstructions I reconstructed the Proto-Algonquian for “hand” as *Menenchiis. This fits the idea that there was a substantial Algonquian influence on the original Proto-Dakotan, since if my guesses are correct, the original Proto-Dakotan term for ‘play’ *Menenchiishkata may have incorporated the Proto-Algonquian term for “hand”, *Menenchiis.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Suwe/
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Aniisii/
5 BILOXI /Anxii/
6 QUAPAW /Shkate/
7 OMAHA /Shkadee/
8 KAW /Chiigaghee/
9 OSAGE /Shkadsee/
10 HOCHAK /Shgach/
11 CHIWERE /Shgaje/
12 MANDAN /Miiniinx/
13 DAKOTA /Shkata/
14 NAKODA /Shkada/
15 HIDATSA /Miidaxatiichkee/, /Makiiya/
16 CROW /Iiwaniiya/Rankin reconstructs PS *Warinxe ‘to play’ from #4, 5, 12 & 15a, and separately, PS *Shkate from the others.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #142.
*Togabixoga, to float.I found several different words for ‘float’. I took the similar forms to
*Ogaboga, *Ugahaha, *Gewoha, and *Tagapiixake below. All have a common ancestor.
The first syllable is *O-, *U- and *Ta-, all from *To-.The second syllable is *-ga- (3x) and *-ge- 1x, which makes *Toga-. The next part is *-piixa- corresponding to *-wo-, *-bo- and *-ha-, all from *-biixo-, which brings us to *Togabiixo-. The last syllable is *-ha (2x), *-ga or *-ke, all from *-ga. Final result: *Togabiixoga, to float.1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Wetiiren/ <?
3 YESAN /Ugree/ <*Ugahe <*Ugahaha
4 OFO
5 BILOXI /Piixyii/ <*Tagapiixake
6 QUAPAW /Kaha/ <*Ugahaha ^
7 OMAHA /Ugahaha/ ^
8 KAW /Boblu/ <?
9 OSAGE /Ugahaha/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Gihe/ <*Gewoha
11 CHIWERE /Waha/ <*Gewoha ^
12 MANDAN /Wapeqo’sh/
13 DAKOTA /Okaga/ <*Ogaboga
14 NAKODA /Ogaboda/ <*Ogaboga ^
15 HIDATSA Dakapiixiikee/ <*Tagapiixake ^
16 CROW /Chiilapiiyaxii/ <*Tedapiixake <*Tagapiixake ^Rankin reconstructs two PS words for ‘to float’: *Ha (which mentions #6, 10, 11); and *Pixi (mentions #5, 12, and 16).
William Meuse
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