by Richard L. Haithcock – Revised August 2016
This book is dedicated to the memory of Fred ‘Ted’ Mabra
 |  |
| Fred ‘Ted’ Mabra, the second great grandson of Dolly Richardson. Dolly is recorded in 1830 Halifax County, North Carolina census and on the 1850 and 1860 census of Ross County, Ohio. | Photo of: Fred Mabra Jr. Haliwa Saponi Indian Descendant, The father of Richard L. Haithcock Mabra, Richard is the third great-grandson of Dolly Richardson from Halifax County, North Carolina; 2nd great-grandson of James Richardson and the great-grandson of Mary Elizabeth Richardson and Isaac Mabra. |
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THE NAHYSSAN: TUTELO, SAPONI, MONACAN DIASPORA
This presentation was prepared for The University of Massachusetts at Amherst Native American Studies Program Anthropology Deptartment
April 1999, Amherst, MA
The Second Annual SoutheasternNative American Conference at the University of North Carolina
April 20th & 21st 2006
The Seventh Annual Buffalo Native American Gathering and Conference Hurricane, West Virginia, May 5th, 2006
Tutelo Nahyssan Tribal Nation Annual Meeting
Chesterhill, Ohio, August 5th, 2006
Native American Studies Program Northern Kentucky University
Highland Heights, Kentucky. March 15,2007
Written and Compiled by Richard L. Haithcock, Saponi
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Disclaimer
Not everyone contained herein is a Native American Indian, but keep reading. Most of the people recorded here are Catawba, Saponi-Tutelo, Nansemond and Pamunkey Indians, for more information contact the appropriate Tribal agency. There are also a few people recorded, here with African and European ancestry.
Most, not all of the names recorded herein are of Native American Indigenous ancestry. Some of the names recorded are Caucasian, African-American or a mixture. Some Indians are recorded on the United States census as white, black or mulatto. This is a part of the paper genocide and manifest destiny that occurred. A vast number of Americans are unaware of the large number of Indians enslaved in the United States. The victor wrote the U.S. history on slavery in this country. The Unites States presented it as just a black and white problem. The U.S. Marshalls for the 1790 census were instructed to count Indians living off reservations to be enumerated as Mulatto Free Persons of Color / Colour.
It would take years of research to document all of the more common surnames, like Dunson, Dunstan, Evans, Jones, Stewart / Stuart / Stuard, Harris, Young, Wilson. However, this said set of surnames marred Saponi and Catawba Indians and resided with them. Other Southeastern tribal surnames are included herein.
Happy hunting, Richard L Haithcock
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The history of the Historic Saponi – Catawba Nation
Written and compiled by:
Richard L. Haithcock
A Red-tail Publication
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My native name is Minni Yuha mani Wicha sha. My English name is Richard Lee Haithcock. I am Wolf Clan. I am honored to be The Tribal Chief of the Saponi-Catawba Nation.
First of all, before I get started, I want you to know that Archeologists and Anthropologists consider the Tutelo and Saponi to be the same people. The educators, professors, teachers and books show that over 50,000 slaves escaped north of the Ohio River into Ohio, Indiana and Michigan.
Do you know who these people are? They’re talking about, well, it’s you and me. It is a re-write of history from the Victor’s side of the story. They renamed our ancestors calling them: Free people of color, Mulattoes, Mulungeons, Savage Heathens and those Native American Indians that did not get removed by force, but by coercion of the American government with political and economic pressure during the Indian Removals. These were the people that got disenfranchised in the 1830’s in Virginia, and later, West Virginia, North and South Carolina and Tennessee.
You became the Red-Refugees, that you are today. You and the rest of America were lead to believe that you were black runaway slaves. This lie is taught to our children in schools.
Our Ancestral Home was located in the Ohio Valley in Southeastern Ohio, from 1100 AD to 1700 AD. According to our Ancestors and traditions of the Great Sioux Nation, Paul Warcloud said, “The Dyaspora of the Great Sioux Nation occurred from out of the Ohio Valley around 1200 AD.
We were spread thin to the Four Winds. We ranged into, the South of Canada, The Ohio Valley, Michigan, The Virginias, The Carolinas, Kentucky and Tennessee.
Indian tradition says, that the mounds along the Rouge and Detroit Rivers, were built in ancient times. The mounds were later occupied by the Tuetle a.k.a. the Tutelo Indians after the Great Sioux Dyaspora, and before the first Wyandot council fires.
The Italian Explorer. Giovanni da Verrazano sailed under the service amd flag of rance. He explored the Atlantic coast of North Ameriaca between the Carolinas and Newfoundland. He sailed and explored the Cape Fear region and described the Indians that lived in that area.
When Verrazzono went ashore near Cape Fear in Mid March of 1524. He made observations that the Natives, live their lives, naked, except that around their loins, they wear skins of small animals and martens with a narrow belt, of grass around their body.
The rest of their Bodies, and head were bare. These Indians were dark in color, not unlike, that of the Ethiopians. Their hair was thick, black and very long, They kept their hair tied back behind their heads like a tail.
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon lead an armed Rebellion against the rule of Governor William Berkely of Virginia. Bacon was an Indian killer, He wrote, “The Indians were Barbarous Thieves.” Bacon stated, “The Indians must be killed.” The Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed in 1677.
A second version of the Treaty was signed in 1680. Middle Plantation was later called Colonial Williamsburg. The Colonial Governor stopped Bacon’s Rebellion, ceasing hostilities, for a short time.
From 1676 to 1700, after Bacon’s rebellion occurred, Colonial Jamestown was burned to the ground. Bacon died of disease in October 1677. He died in his efforts to kill or extinguish the Indians. Before Bacon’s death, he killed and enslaved lots of Occoneechees and Pamunkey Indians.
Afterwards, the white, English loyalist enslavement of servitude dropped dramatically. Between 30,000 – 40,000 Indians were enslaved before the Trans-Atlantic slave trade caught on, in America.
By 1701, the Piedmont Catawba became a military alliance, of several Siouan tribes, who had previously been decimated by warfare, disease, white encroachment and enslavement. They joined the Catawba Nation, after the Yamasee War, in 1717. They became known as the Catawba Nation, which means “cut off” referring to them being cut off, from the main body of Sioux.
Keep in mind, when referring to the Catawba Indians, that there are three different bands of Indians. The first band of Catawba Indians were from the Rock Hill, South Carolina area. These Catawba were in York and Lancaster Counties and the surrounding area of South Carolina. Some of these Catawba later moved to Colorado, Utah and Alabama. The Rock Hill, South Carolina
Tribe is probably the most historically documented Catawba Band.
The second Band of Catawba Indians are the Falling Rock Catawbas. They were attacked in 1725, by John Van Meter who was a settler that accompanied a war party of Delaware Indians in Pendleton County, Virginia, which is now known as West Virginia. The intentions of the Delaware Indian War Party, was to invade the Falling Rock Catawba Indian lands, and to exterminate all the Catawba people, and claim a new hunting ground for the Delaware Nation. However, the Falling Rock Catawba spotted the Delaware War Party, and flanked them on three sides. The Catawbas waited in ambush on the other side of the Wapatomika River. That day, several hundred Delaware Warriors were slaughtered. Very few of the Delaware Warriors survived that day, fewer than a handful. These Catawba Indians lived in and near Pendleton, Taylor, Grant, Hampshire, Randolph, Barbour, Preston, Braxton, Hardin and adjacent counties in West Virginia. They also moved to, and lived in Athens, Morgan and
Washington counties, in Ohio.
The third Band of Catawba Indians were the Piedmont Catawbas. They were from the Piedmont region of Virginia, specifically near Fort Christ Anna. They settled with Saponies at Fort Christ Anna at the Saponi Reservation, in around 1715 and 1716. These Indians are, our Ancestors, who came from the Christ Anna Saponi Reservation to Ohio, through Indiana, and then to Cass County, Michigan and settling in surrounding counties in Michigan and Indiana. Our people, the Tutelo, Saponi, Occaneechi and Stuckenoe Indians signed the Treaty of Peace at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia in 1714. The English signed this Treaty giving us 23,040 acres and twelve Rangers to protect the trading fort called Fort Christ Anna. It was named after Jesus Christ and Queen Ann of England. The Catawba and Saponi students at the Indian school were taught Christianity, Catechism and to read out of the King James version of the bible.
They were introduced to The Fur Trade. They were given ammo, weapons, alcohol and a trail of broken treaties in 1654, 1677, 1714 and so on. In 1716, about seventy Catawba students were brought to the Indian school at Fort Christ Anna. They were held as hostages and slaves by the English, the students were sons and daughters of Catawba Confederacy Chiefs.
The Catawba’s Paramount Chief Whittmanetaughehee temporarily moved and resided on the Saponi Reservation. They were attacked by the Seneca Indians of the Five Nations. The Tutelo are documented in the Colonial Record near Detroit beginning around 1722 through 1746.
The Tutelo-Saponi adoption into the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy was in 1753.
Afterwards, there was a Tutelo-Saponi Civil War between the Northern and Southern Tutelo-Saponi.
In 1755, in Orange County, North Carolina, the Saponi Indian families of Austin, Boling Bering, Brandom / Branham, Brooks, Bunch, Byrd, Burton, Collins, Copeland, Evans, Griffen, Irwin / Irvin, Jack, Martin, Mills, Simmons and Williams occupied residence here in Orange County, they formerly resided at Christ Anna.
I, was also able to show the surnames of Catawba Indian families in Orange County, North Carolina in 1755; Alexander, Barnett / Burnett, Canaday / Kennedy, Finley, Goans, Hart / Heart, Sanders, Scott, Stanfield and Watts.
We became Red-refugees in our own land. Some of us mainly, the Tutelo in 1755, resided on the River banks of the Big Sandy and Little Sandy Rivers located in Kentucky and West Virginia. The Big and Little Sandy rivers were formerly called the Big and Little Totteroy Rivers and the Kanawa River. These are the locations where the Totera-Tutelo Indians lived.
After the adoption of the Tutelo-Saponi into the Iroquios Confederacy, in 1753, the Six Nations had the Northern Tutelo attack and kill their southern Tutelo-Saponi relatives, to show their loyalty, to the Six Nations. This is why the southern band did not go north, to settle at the Six Nations, when the northern Tuteloes returned south to Virginia to take the rest north in the 1750’s, 1760’s and 1812. The Saponi and Catawba in the Carolina-Virginia Piedmont fought on the side of the Americans during the America Revolution and war of 1812, our relatives on Six Nations fought for the British.
and Amelia Counties, Virginia. Others moved to Granville, Person, Halifax, Northampton, Wake, Robeson, Orange, Surry and Guilford Counties, North Carolina. They acquired the surnames; Jeffreys / Jeffries, Heathcock, Haithcock, Haith, Hathcock, Scott, Jones, Guy, Findley /Fenley, Whitmore, Stewart, Rickman / Rickmon, Harris, Thore, Kingsburry, Cato / Catoe, Tyree, Tyler, Pitts, Sizemore, Drew, Blevins, Burnett, Corn, Long, Stanley, Coker, Sturdivant, Watts, Goins, Goings, Poindexter, Lynch, Crawley, Brown and others.
Most of the historic records, I’ve recovered undeniably indicated this list of nnames are Catawbas or Indians that married to Catawbas not Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation. There was none. I can only recommend they correct this error. The only Occaneechi Indian names that survived, the test of time is Chief Roseechy, Chief Chawco and Indian John Hasecoll.
The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation can’t quote any Historic Occaneechi or Saponi core names unless their Catawba surnames are ethnically and culturally Virginia-Carolina Piedmont Catawba Indians.
By 1761, some of the northern Tutelo-Saponi joined their Cayuga brethren by migrating to the Sandusky Bay area in Ohio.
After 1805, Catawba Indians are mentioned residing in Wayne County, Ohio south of the Western Reserve called the Fire Lands.
In 1807, Catawba Indians moved from Mecklenburg County, Virginia to Fairfield Township, Highland County, Ohio.
From 1817 through 1819, Tuteloes were living on a reservation with the Seneca-Cayuga in Washington Township, Logan County, Ohio. This Tribal band moved to Missouri in 1832, under Chief Totolo or Chief John Young, and traded their reservation lands for tribal lands in Oklahoma. Another group of Saponi-Catawba-Pamunkey Indians moved from Powhatan County, Virginia to White County, Tennessee, then to Jackson, Gallia and Lawrence Counties in
Ohio. In the 1850s, they traveled through Indiana, to get to Cass County Michigan. Around 1830, a Catawba band left the old Saponi reservation Christ Anna to travel from Greensville, Brunswick and Mecklenburg in Virginia. Some moved near the Cherokee, in western North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee. Our families returned to Ohio, Indiana and Michigan.
In Granville County, North Carolina it was mainly occupied and settled by Saponi Indians. They moved with about twenty Catawba families to Greene and Logan counties in Ohio. In the 1830s and 1840s, a number of Saponi families left Halifax and Granville Counties, in North Carolina for Ross and Hamilton Counties in Ohio. They also went to Randolph, Kosciusko, Whitley and Hamilton Counties in Indiana before going to Cass, Isabella, Mecosta, Joseph, Detroit Counties and cities in nearby communities in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana.
Around 1908 our region where our ancestors are shown to be living, from a period considerably, prior to 1800 up to the present, is a territory that during this time, has not been frequented by Cherokee Indians. It is a region, much have been occupied by, Indians from Virginia or by the Catawba Indians, who ranged from South Carolina up through North Carolina, into Virginia. This last note I just read was documented by the U.S. War Department, it is now known and identified, as The Bureau of Indian, the B.I.A.
We still call ourselves Saponi, Catawba, Black Foot and Tutelo Indians. Our tribal name is the Saponi-Catawba Nation.
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More to come …
