[MarcSnelling]

Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #120
*Kin’yan, to fly.

Here we have mostly similar words for ‘fly’, usually starting with Kii- or Gii-, followed by -yan, -yawn, -yon, -nyan, -than. The Dakota and Nakoda forms suggest a nasal quality, and the harder glottal stop of Mandan is also likely to be from an original verb *Kiin’yan, ‘to fly’ giving rise to the others.

Ofo and Biloxi are curiously different, but could also ultimately be cognate via *Nyenii <*Nyanii <*Nyan <*Kiinyan <*Kiin’yan.

1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Pikin/
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Leyii/
5 BILOXI /Niiyeedii/
6 QUAPAW /Kiiyan/
7 OMAHA /Giiyawn/
8 KAW /Agiiyan/
9 OSAGE /Giiyon/
10 HOCHAK /Than/
11 CHIWERE /Giithan/
12 MANDAN /Kii’karo’sh/
13 DAKOTA /Kiinyan/
14 NAKODA /Giinyan/
15 HIDATSA ?
16 CROW ?

Rankin’s result for “to fly”, PS *Ki’an is in the same ball-park as mine; he also attributes the Biloxi and Ofo to a probably separate but undefined stem.

William Meuse

Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #121
*Deekre, to go, walk.

I mainly looked up words for “go”, but also several for “walk” as there is generally overlap in these two words

The following form one cognate set from *Deekre: /Dure/, /Iilee/, /Teekna/, /Deedii/, /Dee/ (2x), /Thee/ (2x), /Yee/, /Ree/, /Lee/, /Ya/, /Iiya/, /Dakowa/, /Diilii/. All have remnants of the 1st syllable *Dee-; the *-k- after that is still in Ofo & Hidatsa; while Catawba, Ofo, Biloxi, Hidatsa and Crow all have remnants of the *-re after that.

The secondary forms in Kaw, Osage, Chiwere, Dakota, Nakoda seem instead connected with Mandan /Niinyir/ and probably all through something like the Kaw verb /Manyiin/. These verbs seem to mean more specifically “to walk”.

Rankin mentions the first set of words as from PS *Re, *Rehe “to go”, and the second set as formed from combining two PS terms, *Wan and *Rin, *Rinre “to walk”. He also takes *Wan further to Proto-Siouan-Catawban *Awan

1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Dure/
3 YESAN /Iilee/
4 OFO /Teekna/
5 BILOXI /Deedii/
6 QUAPAW /Dee/
7 OMAHA /Thee/
8 KAW /Yee/, /Manyiin/
9 OSAGE /Thee/, /Moniin/
10 HOCHAK /Ree/
11 CHIWERE /Lee/, /Manyii/
12 MANDAN /Niinyir/
13 DAKOTA /Ya/, /Manii/
14 NAKODA /Iiya/, /Manii/
15 HIDATSA /Dakowa/
16 CROW /Dee/, /Diilii/

William Meuse

Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #122
*Xyure, to come.

All available words for “to come (here)” are clearly related. I have traced them to *Xyure rather than Rankin’s *Hure, note Ofo /Kiiyu/ seems to preserve the -y- front palatal glide, aside from Quapaw, Omaha, and Osage

1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Hu’re/
3 YESAN /Ho/
4 OFO /Kiiyu/
5 BILOXI /Hudii/
6 QUAPAW /Hii/
7 OMAHA /Gii/
8 KAW /Gu/
9 OSAGE /Tsii/
10 HOCHAK /Hu/
11 CHIWERE /Gu/
12 MANDAN /Huro’sh/
13 DAKOTA /U/
14 NAKODA /U/
15 HIDATSA /Hu/
16 CROW /Hu/

William Meuse

Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #123
*Tetsunxwa, to lie down.

This reconstruction is more conjectural, on the assumption these all had a common origin, which differentiated greatly in each subgroup via Proto Biloxi-Ofo *Tetsoxa, Proto-Dheghigan *Zhon, Proto Hochak-Chiwere /Mandan *Munke, Proto-Dakota-Nakoda *Iiwunka, Proto Hidatsa-Crow *Iiluxwa.

1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Cheftu/ <*Chestu <*Tetsoxa <*Tetsunxwa
5 BILOXI /Toho/ <*Toxa <*Tetsoxa ^
6 QUAPAW /Zhan/ <*Zhon <*Tsun <*Tetsunxwa
7 OMAHA /Zhawn/ <*Zhon ^
8 KAW /Zhan/ ^
9 OSAGE /Zhon/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Mink/ <*Munke <*Wunke <*Iiwunka <*Iilunxwa <*Tetsunxwa
11 CHIWERE /Hange/ <*Manke <*Munke ^
12 MANDAN /Mank/ <*Manke ^
13 DAKOTA /Iiyunka/ <*Iiwunka ^
14 NAKODA /Wunga/ <*Iiwunka ^
15 HIDATSA /Xwa/ < *Iiluxwa <*Iilunxwa ^
16 CROW /Iiluxwa/ ^

Rankin seems to include everything from #6-14 from his PS *Wunke, ‘to lie, be lying, positional’ but gives slightly different forms than I obtained for several of these.

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