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Thank you so much for doing it for us. I love that I can hear how it is supposed to sound. You are kind to do this for us.
barb
More active verbs.
To sit on — áláñgE
I sit on — áwanáñga /á-wa-láñgE/
You sit on — ayanáñga /á-ya-láñgE/
He sits on — náñga /áláñgE/
We sit on — máñanáñga /wañ-áláñgE/
To break, cut by hand — ígladgúusE
I — iwagladgúusa /í-wa-gladgúusE/
You — iyágladgúusa /í-ya-gladgúusE/
He — ígladgúusa /ígladgúusE/
We — mañigladgúusa /wañ-ígladgúusE/
To come back here (motion underway) — gihúu
I — wagihuu /wa-gihúu/
You — yagihuu /ya-gihúu/
He — gihuu /gihúu/
We — mañgihuu /wañ-gihúu/
To go/come back, go/come home (arriving motion) — gilí
I — wagilí or wágli or wágri /wa-gilí/
You — yagilí /ya-gilí/
He — gilí /gilí/
We — máñgilí or wáñgilí /wañ-gilí/
To buy — gilumiiha
I buy it — wagilumiiha or waglomiiha or waglumiiha /wa-gilumiiha/
You buy it — yagilumiiha or yaglomiiha or yaglumiiha /ya-gilumiiha/
He buys it — gilumiiha or gilomiiha /wa-gilumiiha/
We buy it — mañgilumiiha or mañglomiiha or mañglumiiha /wañg-gilumiiha/
To walk back — gniñ
I walk back — wagniñ /wa-gniñ/
You walk back — yagniñ /ya-gniñ/
He walks back — gniñ /gniñ/
We walk back — mañgniñ /wañ-gniñ/
To strike — gohiinaañghii
I strike him — gohiinaañ(g)wahiiwa or gohinañ(g)wahiiwa /gohiinaañg-wa-hii-wa/
You strike him — gohiinaañ(g)yahiiwa or gohinañ(g)yahiiwa /gohiinaañg-ya-hii-wa/
He strikes him — gohiinaañhiiwa or gohinañhiiwa /gohiinaañghii-wa/
We strike him — gohiinaañmañgihiiwa or gohinañmañgihiiwa /gohiinaañg-wañg-hii-wa/
To cause, make — goñ
I cause — wagoñ /wa-goñ/
You cause — yagoñ /ya-goñ/
He causes — goñ /goñ/
We cause — mañgoñ /wañ-goñ/
To give — gúu or ogúu or agúu
I give to him — wagúuwa /wa-gúu-wa/
You give to him — yagúuwa /ya-gúu-wa/
He gives to him — gúuwa /gúu-wa/
We give to him — mañgúuwa /wañ-gúu-wa/
To kill by force/striking — lágajgíihE
I kill — walagajgíiha /wa-lagajgíihE/
You kill — yalagajgíiha /wa-lagajgíihE/
He kills — lagajgíiha /wa-lagajgíihE/
We kill — mañglagajgíiha /wañg-lagajgíihE/
To cut off a piece by force/striking — lágasbée
I cut — walagasbee /wa-lágasbée/
You cut — yalagasbee /ya-lágasbée/
He cuts — lagasbee /lágasbée/
We cut — mañglagasbee /wañg-lágasbée/
To bite — lasgée or ilasgée or olasgée
I will bite it — ówalasgéeda /ó-wa-olasgée-dE/
You will bite it — óyalasgéeda /ó-ya-olasgée-dE/
He will bite it — ólasgéeda /olasgée-dE/
We will bite it — mañólasgéeda or máñglasgeeda /wáñ-olasgée-dE/
To own a dog — ohgíñpi
My dog — chongo owahgíñpi /wa-ohgíñpi/
Your dog — chongo oyahgíñpi /ya-ohgíñpi/
His dog — chongo ohgíñpi /ohgíñpi/
Our dog — chongo mañohgíñpi /wáñ-ohgíñpi/
To cut off a piece by hand — olasbée
I cut it — ówalasbéewa /o-wa-lasbée-wa/
You cut it — oyalasbéewa /o-ya-lasbée-wa/
He cuts it — olasbéewa /olasbée-wa/
We cut it — mañólasbéewa /wáñ-olasbée-wa/
To tie — olohii
I tie it — owalohiiwa /o-wa-lohii-wa/
You tie it — oyalohiiwa /o-ya-lohii-wa/
He ties it — olohiiwa /olohii-wa/
We tie it — máñolohiiwa /wáñ-olohii-wa/
To claw — olusgée
I claw it — owalusgee /o-wa-lusgée/
You claw it — oyalusgee /o-ya-lusgée/
He claws it — olusgee /olusgée/
We claw it — mañolusgee /wáñ-olusgée/
To go, enter — opée
I go, I was going, enter — owapéewa /o-wa-pée-wa/
You — oyapéewa /o-ya-pée-wa/
He — opéewa /opée-wa/
We — mañopéewa /wañ-opée-wa/
To see — oxáatE or xáatE or ixáatE
I see it — owaxáata /o-wa-xáatE/
You see it — oyaxáata /o-ya-xáatE/
He sees it — oxáata /oxáatE/
We see it — mañoxaata /wañ-oxáatE/
To know — oñsbée
I know — moñsbée /m-oñsbée/
You know — yoñsbée /y-oñsbée/
He knows — oñsbée /oñsbée/
We know – waoñsbée /wañ-oñsbée/
To go, walk — pée or apée or opée
I go, walk — wapeewa /wa-pée-wa/
You go, walk — yapeewa /ya-pée-wa/
He goes, walks — péewa /pée-wa/
We go, walk — mañpeewa /wañ-pée-wa/
To hold — sgée
I hold — wasgée /wa-sgée/
You hold — yasgée /ya-sgée/
He holds — sgée /sgée/
We hold — mañsgée /wañ-sgée/
To cut off a piece — sbée
I cut it — wasbée /wa-sbée/
You cut it — yasbée /ya-sbée/
He cuts it — sbée /sbée/
We cut it — mañsbée /wañ-sbée/
To live, reside, dwell — tíi
I reside — watiiwa /wa-tíi-wa/
You reside — yatiiwa /ya-tíi-wa/
He resides — tíiwa /tíi-wa/
We reside — mañtiiwa /wañ-tíi-wa/
To love — yáñdosdéegE
I love him, her, or it — yáñdowasdeega /yáñdo-wa-sdéegE/
You love him, her, or it — yáñdoyasdeega /yáñdo-ya-sdéegE/
He loves him, her, or it — yáñdosdeega /yáñdosdéegE/
We love him, her, or it — mañgyáñdosdeega /wañg-yáñdosdéegE/
Sorry these posts are slowing down, but this stuff is getting harder.
Stative verbs tend to describe states. There are two sets of pronouns that stative verbs take (these pronouns are different from the ones taken by active verbs), so you will need to memorize which set is taken by which verb. Below is the first set of pronouns taken by stative verbs. Oliverio calls these “patient pronouns”
Me — wi-
You (one person) — yi- / hi-
Him, her, it — i- or nothing
Us — wai- (often pronounced wae)
Instead of saying ‘I go there’, you are literally saying ‘me go there’. English does this with the verb ‘methinks’.
To go there (motion underway) — lEE, alEE
I’m going there — awileewa /a-wi-lEE-wa/
You are going there — ayileewa /a-yi-lEE-wa/
He is going there — aléewa /alEE-wa/
We are going there — awaileewa /a-wai-lEE-wa/
To scratch — jgé
I scratch — mijgéwa or mitsgéwa /wi-jgé-wa/
You scratch — yijgéwa or yitsgéwa /yi-jgé-wa/
He scratches — ijgéwa or itsgéwa /i-jgé-wa/
We scratch — waijgéwa or waejgéwa /wai-jgé-wa/
To kill (plural object) — jgíihE
I kill them — wijgíiha or witsgíiha /wi-jgíihE/
You kill them — yijgíiha or yitsgíiha /yi-jgíihE/
He kills them — ijgíiha or itsgíiha /i-jgíihE/
We kill them — waijgíiha or waitsgíiha /wai-jgíihE/
To cut by striking — gáti
I cut by striking — migáti /wi-gáti/
You cut by striking — yigáti /yi-gáti/
He cuts by striking — gáti /gáti/
We cut by striking — waigáti or wágáti /wai-gáti/
To go there — halEE
I go there (I come) — hawileewa /ha-wi-lEE-wai/
You go there — hayileewa /ha-yi-lEE-wai/
He goes there — haleewa /ha-lEE-wai/
We go there — hawaileewa /ha-wai-lEE-wai/
To arrive there — híi
I arrive there — wihíi /wi-híi/
You arrive there — yihíi /yi-híi/
He arrives there — híi /híi/
We arrive there — waihíi /wai-híi/
To come here (motion underway) — húu, yahuu
I come here — wihúu /wi-húu/
You come here — yihúu /yi-húu/
He comes here — húu /húu/
We come here — waihúu /wai-húu/
To go towards — ilEE or irEE (Saponi)
I go towards — iwilaa /i-wi-lEE/
You go towards — iyilaa /i-yi-lEE/
He go towards — ilaa /ilEE/
We go towards — iwailaa /i-wai-lEE/
To dance — giichíi, waagiichíi
I dance — wigíichi or waawigíichii /wi-giichíi/
You dance — yigíichi or waayigíichii /yi-giichíi/
He dances — gíichi or waagíichii /giichíi/
We dance — waigíichi or waawaigíichii /wai-giichíi/
To scratch with the foot — lajgé
I scratch — mílajgéwa /wi-lajgé-wa/
You scratch — yílajgéwa /yi-lajgé-wa/
He scratches — ílajgéwa /i-lajgé-wa/
We scratch — wáílajgéwa or waelajgéwa /wai-lajgé-wa/
To kill by hand — lajgíihE
I kill — wílajgiiha /wi-lajgíihE/
You kill — yílajgiiha /yi-lajgíihE/
He kills — ílajgiiha /i-lajgíihE/
We kill — waílajgiiha or waelajgiiha /wai-lajgíihE/
To use — ladgóñ
I use — wíladgóñ /wi-ladgóñ/
You use — yíladgóñ /yi-ladgóñ/
He uses — íladgóñ /i-ladgóñ/
We use — wáíladgóñ or wáeladgóñ /wai-ladgóñ/
To tear — loxgáhE
I tear — wíloxgáha /wi-loxgáhE/
You tear — yíloxgáha /yi-loxgáhE/
He tears — loxgáha /loxgáhE/
We tear — waíloxgáha or waeloxgáha /wi-loxgáhE/
To turn over — luká
I turn it over — wíluká /wi-luká/
You turn it over — yíluká /yi-luká/
He turns it over — íluká /i-luká/
We turn it over — wáíluká or wáeluká /wai-luká/
To take, steal — lúsE
I take it — wílúsa or wilósa /wi-lúsE/
You take it — tílúsa or yilúsa /yi-lúsE/
He takes it — ílúsa /i-lúsE/
We take it — waílúsa /wai-lúsE/
To eat — luutE
I eat — wíluuta /wi-luutE/
You eat — yíluuta /yi-luutE/
He eats — íluuta /i-luutE/
We eat — waíluuta /wai-luutE/
More stative verbs
To be blistered, chafed — naxlóotE
I am blistered — mínaxlóota /wi-naxlóotE/
You are blistered — yínaxlóota /yi-naxlóotE/
He is blistered — ínaxlóota /i-naxlóotE/
We are blistered — mainaxlóota or maenaxlóota /wai-naxlóotE/
To stand — nañhée
I stand — mínañhée /wi-nañhée/
You stand — yínañhée /yi-nañhée/
He stands — ínañhée /i-nañhée/
We stand — maínañhée /wai-nañhée/
To break with the foot — nañdgúusE
I break — mínañdgúusa /wi-nañdgúusé/
You break — yínañdgúusa /yi-nañdgúusé/
He breaks — nañdgúusa /nañdgúusé/
We break — mínañdgúusa /wai-nañdgúusé/
To swallow — náñtE
I swallow — mínáñta /wi-náñtE/
You swallow — yínáñta /yi-náñtE/
He swallows — ínáñta /i-náñtE/
We swallow — maínáñta or máenáñta /wai-náñtE/
To be alive — níi, niina
I am alive — mínii /wi-níi/
You are alive — yínii /yi-níi/
He is alive — ínii /i-níi/
We are alive — maínii /wai-níi/
To live — niinagina (pronouns are repeated twice in this verb)
I live — míniinawigina /wi-niina-wi-gina/
You live — íniinayigina /yi-niina-yi-gina/
He lives — íniinagina /i-niina-gina/
We live — maíniinawaigina /wai-niina-wai-gina/
To walk — niñ
I walk — míniñ /wi-niñ/
You walk — yíniñ /yi-niñ/
He walks — íniñ /i-niñ/
We walk — maíniñ /wai-niñ/
To walk — yaniñ
I walk — yaminiñ /ya-wi-niñ/
You walk– yayiniñ /ya-yi-niñ/
He walks — yaniñ /yaniñ/
We walk — yamainiñ /ya-wai-niñ/
To work, make — ognahoo
I work — omihnahooma /o-wi-gnahoo-wa/
You work — moyiihnahooma /o-yi-gnahoo-wa/
He works — mohnahóoma /ognahoo-wa/
We work — omaihnahóoma /o-wai-gnahoo-wa/
To die — deeolaaha
I die — wideeolaaha /wi-deeolaaha/
You die — hideeolaaha /yi-deeolaaha/
He dies — deeolaaha /deeolaaha/
We die — waideeolaaha /wai-deeolaaha/
To break, cut straight, evenly — digúusE
I break — widigúusa /wi-digúusE/
You break — yidigúusa /yi-digúusE/
He breaks — idigúusa /i-digúusE/
We break — waidigúusa /wai-digúusE/
To weep — xaaka
I weep — wixaaka /wi-xaaka/
You weep — ixaaka or yixaaka /yi-xaaka/
He weeps — xaaka /xaaka/
We weep — waixaaka /wai-xaaka/
To walk, go — yalEE
I walk, go — yawileewa /ya-wi-lEE-wa/
You walk, go– yayileewa /ya-yi-lEE-wa/
He walks, goes — yaleewa /yalEE-wa/
We walk, go — yawaileewa /ya-wai-lEE-wa/
This verb can use both active and stative pronouns, but I’m listing it as stative for now.
To call — gikoohE
I call him — wigikooha /wi-gikoohE/
You call him — yigikooha /yi-gikoohE/
He calls him — gikooha /gikoohE/
We call him — waigikooha /wai-gikoohE/
Below is the second set of pronouns taken by stative verbs. They are similar to patient pronouns, but are nasalized. Oliverio calls these “dative pronouns”.
Me — wiñ-
You (one person) — yiñ-
Him, her, it — nothing
Us — wañg-/wañ-
Stative verbs that take dative pronouns
hungry — gíihniñdée
I am hungry — miñgíihniñdéewa /wiñ-gíihniñdée-wa/
You are hungry — iñgíihniñdéewa /yiñ-gíihniñdée-wa/
He is hungry — gíihniñdéewa /gíihniñdée-wa/
We are hungry — mañhgiihniñdéewa /wañ-gíihniñdée-wa/
To belong, be one’s own — gíidoñ
It is mine — miñgíidoñ /wiñ-gíidoñ/
It is yours — yiñgíidoñ /yiñ-gíidoñ/
It is his — gíidoñ /gíidoñ/
It is ours — mañxgíidoñ or mañhgíidoñ /wañg-gíidoñ/
steal — manoñdáañi or manuñdáañi
I steal — mamiñnoñdáañi /ma-wiñ-noñdáañi/
You steal — mayiñnoñdáañi /ma-yiñ-noñdáañi/
He steals — manoñdáañi /manoñdáañi/
We steal — mañgmanoñdáañi /wañg-manoñdáañi/
lay down — máñgE
I lay down — miñmáñga /wiñ-máñgE/
You lay down — yiñmáñga /yiñ-máñgE/
He lays down — máñga /máñgE/
We lay down — mañgmáñga /wañg-máñgE/
good — bíi
I am good — miñbíiwa /wiñ-bíi-wa/
You are good — yiñbíiwa /yiñ-bíi-wa/
He is good — bíiwa /bíi-wa/
We are good — mañbíiwa /wañ-bíi-wa/
speak — saahíiñ
I speak — miñsaahiiñ /wiñ-saahíiñ/
You speak — yiñsaahiiñ /yiñ-saahíiñ/
He speaks — saahiiñ /saahíiñ/
We speak — mañsaahiiñ /wañ-saahíiñ/
sit, sit down, remain — waahaláñgE
I sit — maahamiñnáñga /waaha-wiñ-láñgE/
You sit — maahayiñnáñga /waaha-yiñ-láñgE/
He sits — maahanáñga /waahaláñgE/
We sit — mañmaahanáñga /wañ-waahaláñgE/
sick — waginóoñ
I am sick — wamiñginóoñma /wa-wiñ-ginóoñ-wa/
You are sick — wayiñginóoñma /wa-yiñ-ginóoñ-wa/
He is sick — waginóoñma /waginóoñ-wa/
We are sick — mañgwaginóoñma /wañg-waginóoñ-wa/
To eat something — waaluutE
I eat — waawiñluutida /waa-wiñ-luutE-dE/
You eat — waayiñluutida /waa-yiñ-luutE-dE/
He eats — waaluutida /waaluutE-dE/
We eat — mañgwaaluutida /wañg-waaluutE-dE/
I’m not sure whether these verbs below take patient or dative pronouns, so I’m copying straight from the dictionary.
die, be dead — dée
I am dead — widéewa /wi-dée-wa/
You are dead — yidéewa /yi-dée-wa/
He is dead — déewa /dée-wa/
We are dead — mañgdéewa /wañg-dée-wa/
dead — deeka
I am dead — wideeka /wi-deeka/
You are dead — yideeka /yi-deeka/
He is dead — deeka /deeka/
We are dead — mañgdeeka /wañg-deeka/
To make a verb negative, add ‘gi-‘at the beginning and ‘-nE’ at the end of the verb. Remebemr that ‘E’ at the end of a word changes to ‘e’ before –nE, and ‘E’ at the end of a word followed by nothing changes to ‘a’.
It is not mine — gimiñgiidoñnañ /gi-wiñ-gíidoñ-nE/
It is not yours — giyiñgiidoñnañ /gi-yiñ-gíidoñ-nE/
It is not his — gigiidoñnañ /gi-gíidoñ-nE/
Its is not ours — gimañxgiidoñnañ /gi-wañ-gíidoñ-nE/
We do not know — gímañoñsbeena /gi-wañ-oñsbée-nE/
I do not eat — giwaawiñluutena /gi-waa-wiñ-luutE-nE/
I do not remember it — giwagihgoñsbeewana /gi-wa-gihgoñsbée-wa-nE/
I’m not sleeping — giwahiiyañdawana /gi-wa-hiiyañda-wa-nE/
Plural pronouns
Heres how to say 2nd and 3rd person plural- they and you (plural). You (pl) is the same as the Southern y’all. Both come before wa, nE, and óokE, and after óoñ and dE (theres a couple exceptions I’ll explain later.) Note how E changes depending in what follows it.
You (pl) — -bú
They — helE
Examples
It is your’s (pl) — yiñgiidoñbu /yiñ-gíidoñ-bú/
You (pl) are laughing — iñyagseehbu /iñ-ya-gséehE-bú/
You (pl) drink water — manii yalagbeebu /manii ya-lagbée-bú/
They drink water — manii lagbeehla /manii lagbée-helE/
They see it — oxaatehla /o-xáatE-helE/
It is theirs — giidoñhla /gíidoñ-helE/
They call to them — gikoohahla /gikoohE-helE/
Before wa
You (pl) go — oyapeebuwa /o-ya-pée-bú-wa/
They drink — lagbeehlewa /lagbée-helE-wa/
They saw it — oxaatiookahlewa /o-xáatE-óokE-helE-wa/
Before nE
You (pl) are not laughing — giñyagseehbuna /gi-iñ-ya-gséehE-bú-nE/
It is not yours (pl) — giyiñgiidoñbuna /gi-yiñ-gíidoñ-bú-nE
It is not theirs — gigiidoñhlena /gi-gíidoñ-helE-nE/
Before óokE
You (pl) remembered it — yahgoñsbeebuooka /ya-hgoñsbée-bú-óokE/
They (pl) remembered it — gihgoñsbeehliooka /gihgoñsbée-helE-óokE/
After óoñ
They are seeing it — oxaatiooñhla /o-xáatE-óoñ-helE/
After dE
You (pl) will go — oyapeedabu /o-ya-pée-dE-bú/
You (pl) will laugh — iñyagseehidabu /iñ-ya-gséehE-dE-bú/
You (pl) will be laughing — iñgseehooñdabu /iñ-gséehE-óoñ-dE-bú/
They will drink — lagbeedahla /lagbee-dE-helE/
They will see it — oxaatidahla /o-xáatE-dE-helE/
Disjunctive pronouns:
Disjunctive pronouns are pronouns that are used by themselves as separate words.
I, we — wíima
You, you all — yíima
He, they — íima
So far all of the pronouns I have discussed attach directly to a verb or noun. Disjunctive pronouns always come before the verb or at the beginning of the phrase. These are used in addition to the pronouns that are attached to the verb. I haven’t figured out yet how using the disjunctive pronoun changes the meaning. For example, ‘drink’ is lagbée, so ‘I drink’ is translated both as walagbée and wíima walagbée. It isn’t proper Tutelo-Saponi to say ‘I drink’ as wiima lagbée.
Example of ‘drink’ without disjunctive pronoun
To drink — lagbée
I drink — walagbée /wa-lagbée/
You drink — yalagbée /ya-lagbée/
He drinks — lagbée /lagbée/
We drink — mañlagbée /wañg-lagbée/
You (pl) drink — yalagbéebu /ya-lagbée-bu/
They drink — lagbéehla /lagbée-helE/
Example of ‘drink’ with disjunctive pronoun
To drink — lagbée
I drink — wíima walagbée
You drink — yíima yalagbée
He drinks — íima lagbée
We drink — wíima mañlagbée
You (pl) drink — yíima yalagbéebu
They drink — íima lagbéehla
So there are four kinds of pronouns to use with verbs: actor, patient, dative, and now disjunctive, as well as a variety of exceptions here and there. You will have to memorize which pronoun goes with which verb.
I’m doing my best to present this stuff the easiest way possible, but Tutelo-Saponi is complex. So heres some thoughts I’ve picked up over the years on learning native languages.
I’ve studied different native languages under a lot of teachers and elders. Most of the languages are complex, vastly different from English, and students can easily get discouraged. Many native people have a strong desire to learn their native language, but when it comes down to the nuts and bolts of it, most find it too difficult and give up. I’ve seen this happen over and over. There’s also a common notion that one must become fluent like a native speaker or don’t bother trying.
I’ve been told by many teachers, don’t worry about getting it correct, just use the words. If you end up putting a stative pronoun on an active verb, or forget which of the 5 different ways to show possession of a noun, just use what ever comes to mind first. You’ll get it eventually and if you don’t, your kids will. I know Indians who speak their language as fast as they do English, but greatly simplify the grammar. They may use “improper grammar”, but they still speak it, and are respected leaders in their community.
So my point is, although I said wiima lagbée ‘I drink’ is “improper Tutelo-Saponi”, you will still get your point across if you say wiima lagbée. You could also use the disjunctive pronouns to show possession of nouns. For example, ‘my hand’ miñháagi is proper Tutelo-Saponi, but if you forget what version of ‘my’ to use in front of háagi, you can get away with saying wíima haagi.
I know of several very complex native languages were modern speakers have simplified the pronouns and possessives the same way. Just thought I would give you some options in case this stuff is driving you nuts.
Alright then, done preaching…
How to say you are doing something to yourself. Add gi- to the front of the verb stem, but after the pronoun. I’m using dative pronouns, even for verbs that normally don’t use them. Below are some examples.
Dative pronouns:
Me, I — wiñ-
You (one person) — yiñ-
Him, her, it — nothing
Us, we — wañg-/wañ-
Kill, shot, beat — gidée
I kill myself — miñgigdee /wiñ-gi-gidée/
You kill yourself — yiñgigdee /yiñ-gi-gidée/
He kills himself — gigdee /gi-gidée/
We kill ourselves — máñgigdeewa /wañ-gi-gidée/
To see — oxáatE
I see myself — omiñgixaata /o-wiñ-gi-xáatE/
You see yourself — oyiñgixaata /o-yiñ-gi-xáatE/
He sees himself — ogixaata /o-gi-xáatE/
We see ourselves — mañogixaata /wañ-o-gi-xáatE/
To cut — sbée
I cut myself — miñgisbee /wiñ-gi-sbée/
You cut yourself — yiñgisbee /yiñ-gi-sbée/
He cuts himself — gisbee /gi-sbée/
We cut ourselves — mañgisbee /wañ-gi-sbée/
To scratch — jgé
I scratch myself — miñgijge /wiñ-gi-jgé/
You scratch yourself — yiñgijge /yiñ-gi-jgé/
He scratches himself — gijge /gi-jgé/
We scratch ourselves — mañgijge /wañ-gi-jgé/
Speak — saahíiñ
I speak to myself — miñgisaahiiñ /wiñ-gi-saahíiñ/
You speak to yourself — yiñgisaahiiñ /yiñ-gi-saahíiñ/
He speaks to himself — gisaahiiñ /gi-saahíiñ/
We speak to ourselves — mañgisaahiiñ /wañ-gi-saahíiñ/
I want it
In order to say that you want something, add -bi to the end of the verb stem, but before other suffixes. The only examples of this from Oliverio are negative sentences, but I’m using it in positive sentences too. Of course you can change the pronouns to say ‘you’, ‘he’, ‘you all’ or ‘they’ want something.
I want to kill him — wagdéebi /wa-gidée-bi/
I don’t want to kill him — giwagdéebina /gi-wa-gidée-bi-nE/
I want to drink water — manii walagbeebi /manii wa-lagbée-bi/
I don’t want to drink water — manii giwalagbeebina /manii gi-wa-lagbée-bi-nE/
I want to dance — waawigíichiibi /waa-wi-giichíi-bi/
I don’t want to dance — giwaawigíichiibina /gi-waa-wi-giichíi-bi-nE/
I want to go — owapeebi /o-wa-pée-bi/
I don’t want to go — gowapeebina /gi-o-wa-pée-bi-nE/
I’ve been putting off this part a bit since its kind of confusing, so don’t hesitate to ask questions.
In English, the subject and object are determined by word order.
I call to you
‘I’ is the subject, ‘you’ is the object
You call to me
‘You’ is the subject, ‘me’ is the object
Word order in English tells you who is calling to whom. But positions of Tutelo pronouns do not change, they are arranged in front of the verb in order of person. The order is 1st person (I), then 2nd person (you), then 3rd person (he, she, it).
I think of it as 3 slots in front of the verb, one for each person: (1)(2)(3)verb
Remember that most of the time the 3rd person slot is left blank.
Since the order of pronouns before the verb are set, the use of active, patient, and dative pronouns tell you which is the subject and which is the object.
I call to you — wayiñgikooha /wa(1a)-yiñ(2d)-gikoohE/
‘Wa’ is a 1st person active pronoun, and ‘yiñ’ is a 2nd person dative pronoun
You call to me — miñyagikooha /wiñ(1d)-ya(2a)-gikoohE/
‘Wiñ’ is a 1st person dative pronoun, and ‘ya’ is a 2nd person active pronoun.
From what I can tell so far, active pronouns are only used for the subject, dative pronouns are only used for the object, and patient pronouns can be either one. I’m only listing verbs that have at least one example in Oliverio for now. Below is a list of the different pronouns for reference.
Active pronouns
I — wa-
You (one person) — ya-
He, she, it — nothing
We — wañg- or wañ-
Patient pronouns
Me, I — wi-
You (one person) — yi- / hi-
Him, her, it — i- or nothing
Us, we — wai-
Dative pronouns
Me, I — wiñ-
You (one person) — yiñ-
Him, her, it — nothing
Us, we — wañg-/wañ-
To call — gikoohE
I call him — wigikooha /wi(1p)-gikoohE/
He calls me — wiñgikooha /wiñ(1d)-gikoohE/
I call you — wayiñgikooha /wa(1a)-yiñ(2d)-gikoohE/
You call me — miñyagikooha /wiñ(1d)-ya(2a)-gikoohE/
You call him — yigikooha /yi(2p)-gikoohE/
He calls you — yiñgikooha /yiñ(2d)-gikoohE/
You call to them — yigikoobuha /yi(2p)-gikoo-bu-hE/
They call you — yiñgikoobuha /yiñ(2d)-gikoo-bu-hE/
He calls him — gikooha /gikoohE/
They call them — gikoohane /gikoohE-helE/
We call him — waigikooha /wai(1plp)-gikoohE/ 1plp means 1st person plural patient pronoun
He calls us – mañgikooha /wañ(1pld)-gikoohE/ 1pld means 1st person plural dative pronoun
Kill, shot, beat — gidée
I kill him — wagdee /wa(1a)-gidée/
He kills me — miñgdee /wiñ(1d)-gidée/
I kill you — wayigdee /wa(1a)-yi(2p)-gidée/
You kill me — wiyagdee /wi(1p)-ya(2a)-gidée/
You kill him — yagdee /ya(2a)-gidée/
He kills you — yiñgdee /yiñ(2d)-gidée/
He kills him — gidee
We kill him — máñgdee /wañ(1pla)-gdée)
He kills us — máñgdee /wañ(1pld)-gdée) note that the active and dative ‘we’ is the same word. You have to us context to figure out the meaning.
To give — gúu
I give to him — wagúu /wa(1a)-gúu/
He gives to me — miñgúu /wiñ(1d)-gúu/
I give to you — wayiñgúu /wa(1a)-yiñ(2d)-gúu/
You give to me — miñyagúu /wiñ(1d)-ya(2a)-gúu/
I give to them — wagúuhle /wa(1a)-gúu-helE/
They give to me — miñgúuhle /wiñ(1d)-gúu-helE/
You give to him — yagúu /ya(2a)-gúu/
He gives to you — yiñgúu /yiñ(2d)-gúu/
He gives to him — gúu /gúu/
We give to him — mañgúu /wañ(1pla)-gúu/
He gives to us — mañgúu /wañ(1pld)-gúu/
To strike — gohiinaañghii
I strike him — gohiinaañgwahii /gohiinaañg-wa(1a)-hii/
He strikes me — gohiinaañmihii /gohiinaañg-wi(1p)-hii/
I strike you — gohiinaañgwayihii /gohiinaañg-wa(1a)-yi(2p)-hii/
You strike me — gohiinaañmiyahii /gohiinaañg-wi(1p)-ya(2a)-hii/
You strike him — gohiinaañgyahii /gohiinaañg-ya(2a)-hii/
He strikes you — gohiinaañgyihii /gohiinaañg-yi(2p)-hii/
He strikes him — gohiinaañhii /gohiinaañghii/
We strike him — gohiinaañmañgihii /gohiinaañg-wañg(1pla)-hii/
He strikes us — gohiinaañmaigihii /gohiinaañg-wai(1plp)-hii/
To love — yáñdosdéegE
I love him — yáñdowasdeega /yáñdo-wa(1a)-sdéegE/
He loves me — yáñdowisdeega /yáñdo-wi(1p)-sdéegE/
I love you — mayiyáñdosdeega /wa(1a)-yi(2p)-yáñdosdéegE/
You love me — wiyayáñdosdeega /wi(1p)-ya(2a)-yáñdo-sdéegE/
I love them — yáñdowasdeegana /yáñdo-wa(1a)-sdéegE-helE/
They love me — yáñdomisdeegana /yáñdo-wi(1p)-sdéegE-helE/
You love him — yáñdoyasdeega /yáñdo-ya(2a)-sdéegE/
He loves you — yáñdoyisdeega /yáñdo-ya(2p)-sdéegE/
He loves him — yáñdosdeega /yáñdosdéegE/
He loves them — yáñdosdeegana /yáñdosdéegE-helE/
They love him — yáñdosdeegana /yáñdosdéegE-helE/
We love him — mañgyáñdosdeega /wañg(1pla)-yáñdosdéegE/
He loves us — waigyáñdosdeega /wai(1plp)-yáñdosdéegE/
We love you — mañgyáñdoyisdeega /wañg(1pla)-yáñdo-yi(2p)-sdéegE/
You love us — waiyáñdoyasdeega /wai(1plp)-yáñdo-ya(2a)-sdéegE/
We love them — mañgyáñdosdeegane /wañg(1pla)-yáñdosdéegE-helE/
They love us — maiyáñdosdeegane /wai(1plp)-yáñdosdéegE-helE/
They love them — yáñdosdeegana /yáñdosdéegE-helE/
3rd person patient pronoun
You probably noticed on the previous post that the 3rd person patient pronoun, him, her, or it, can be either i- or nothing. Which version of that pronoun you use depends on whether the 3rd person is the subject or object of the verb. I- marks the subject, and nothing marks the object.
Patient pronouns
Me, I — wi-
You (one person) — yi- / hi-
Him, her, it — i-(subject)- or nothing(object)
Us, we — wai-
See/find — née
I see him — mineewa /wi(1p)-(3p)(obj)-née-wa/ obj means object
He sees me — miineewa /wi(1p)-i(3p)(sub)-née/ sub means subject
I see you — mayineewa /wa(1a)-yi(2p)-née-wa/
You see me — yimaneewa /yi(2p)-wa(1a)-née-wa/
I see them — mineehla /wi(1p)-(3p)(obj)-née-helE/
They see me — miineehla /wi(1p)-i(3p)(sub)-née-helE/
You see him — yineewa /yi(1p)-(3p)(obj)-née-wa/
He sees you — yiineewa /yi(1p)-i(3p)(sub)-née-wa/
He sees him — ineewa
We see him — waineewa /wai(1plp)-(3p)(obj)-née-wa/
He sees us — waiineewa /wai(1plp)-i(3p)(sub)-née-wa/
We see them — waineehla /wai(1plp)-(3p)(obj)-née-helE/
They see us — waiineehla /wai(1plp)-i(3p)(sub)-née-helE/
Some sentences
I see a man (man, I see him) — waiwaax mineewa
A man sees me (man, he sees me) — waiwaax miineewa
The man saw the bear (man, bear, he sees him) — waiwaax mooñdi inéewa /waiwaax(obj) mooñdi(sub) i-née-wa/
The bear saw the man (bear, man, he sees him) — mooñdi waiwaax inéewa /mooñdi(obj) waiwaax(sub) i-née-wa/
Causitive
Heres how to say that someone causes someone to do something. Attach –hiye to the end of the verb stem, before any suffixs. Theres only one example of its use with a verb in Oliverio.
He makes somebody sweep — ágaxléepihiyé /ágaxléepi-hiyé/
You can add it to other verbs to make your own sentences.
He makes him eat — luutahiyé
I make him drink — walagbéehiyé
I will make him dance — wigiichíihiyéda /wi-giichíi-hiyé-dE/
He/it made me sick — wamiñginóoñhiyéwa /wa-wiñ-ginóoñ-hiyé-wa/
He/it makes him laugh — iñgséehahiyéwa
Hiye can also be added to the end of adjectives. These are basically verbs.
Make yellow — sihiyé /síi-hiyé/
Make green — odoolakooñhiyé
Make thin — hableehaahiyé
Make icy — noñxlubahiyé
Make big/great — idáañhiyé
Theres another verb, goñ, meaning to cause or make, there is only one example of its usage.
I will make him go — wagoñda opéeda /wa-goñ-dE opée-dE/
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