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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #1
*Miima, IWOCCON: ?
CATAWBA /Dere/ <*Nene <*Niine <*Miine <*Miima
YESAN /Miima/
OFO ?
BILOXI /Nyiq/ <*Niiyeq <*Niine
QUAPAW /Wiiye/ <*Miine
OMAHA-PONCA /Wii/ <*Wiiye
KANSA /Wee/ <*Wiiyee
OSAGE /Wiiyee/ <*Wiiye
HOCHAK /Nee/ <*Miine
CHIWERE /Miire/ <*Miine
MANDAN ?
DAKOTA /Wiiyee/
NAKOTA ?
HIDATSA /Ma/ <*Miima
CROW /Bii/ <*Mii <*MiimaNotes: These words inside / / are not the spellings the tribes use, but my own approximate phonetic system I use for comparative purposes.
(Already some slight adjustments) it appears to me now that the protoform is more or less identical to the Yesanechi, Mima, as recorded by Dorsey, and is the only language that seems to have preserved the whole word intact, although if anyone can fill in any of the question marks I would be grateful.
When I use double i inside the //, it means long i as in machine, as opposed to short i in hit, so /Miima/ is the same as Mima as written in Tutelo.
I also use double e to mean long e as in wait, as opposed to short e in jest. I also use x to mean a raspy h sound and q to mean a sharp k sound.William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #2
*Diinda, thou (you singular)[Edited to change from *Dima to *Dinda]
WOCCON: ?
CATAWBA /Yeye/ <*Yenye <*Yiinya <*Yiinda <*Jiinda <*Diinda
YESAN /Yiima/ <*Jiima <*Jiinda
OFO /Tchiintii/ <*Jiindii <*Jiinda
BILOXI /Ayiindii/ <*Jiindii
QUAPAW /Diiye/ <*Diina (c. 1650) <*Diinda
OMAHA-PONCA /Thii/ <*Diiye
KANSA /Yii/ <*Yiiye <*Jiiye <*Diiye
OSAGE /Dhiiyee/ <*Diiye
HOCHAK /Niin’ee/ <*Diinda
CHIWERE /Riire/ <*Diinda
MANDAN ?
DAKOTA /Niiyee/ <*Diiye
NAKOTA /Niiyee/
HIDATSA /Da/ <*Diinda
CROW /Dii/ <*DiindaNotes:
Reminder: I only use the double i for long i as in ‘machine’ in my language comparison, because some languages do have a short i sound as in ‘hit’. However in my final reconstruction of the protolanguage there is no need to use double i, because I believe the i was always long or there was no short i vowel, thus in my final result, I write *Diinda as *Dinda. (either way pronounced /DEEN-dah/… )
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #3
*Iinda, he, she, it.NOTE: That is a double ii, but on your screen it may look like ‘Linda’ because capital i looks the same as lowercase L. There is really no L here, this word would be pronounced /EEHn-dah/ (n pronounced as French n)
WOCCON: ?
CATAWBA /Owe/
YESAN /Iima/
OFO ?
BILOXI /Ii/
QUAPAW ?
OMAHA-PONCA ?
KANSA ?
OSAGE /Ee/
HOCHAK /Ee/
CHIWERE /Ee’e/
MANDAN ?
DAKOTA /Iiyee/
NAKOTA ?
HIDATSA /Ii/
CROW /Ii/Some sources don’t list the independent pronouns so I had more trouble obtaining them all (I know they had or have them, I just haven’t found the info yet so they appear as ?)
From what I do have available, it appears we are looking at an originally 2 syllable word, and there is hardly a real consonant among them except for the m in Yesan “Iima”… This would pont to *Iima as being the original, but I am now opting for *Iinda, to be parallel to *Miinda, I, and *Diinda, thou, since most of these languages do maintain some parallelism here.
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #4
*Miindehokduwa, we.I think this, the plural of *Miinda, was originally formed by adding *Hokduwa, all – however only Yesanechi preserves it as a recognizable compound (Mima + Huk). The word for “all” (Hokduwa) independently went through considerable changes in the west early on, as we shall see later with word #17. That allowed their terms for “we” to drift in other directions by dropping the first part, since the second part could no longer be confused with the new words for “all”, that sounded totally different.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Dowe/ – abbreviated from last part
3. YESAN /Miimahuk/ <Miinehuktu <*Miindehokduwa
4. OFO ?
5. BILOXI /Nikiixtu/ <*Nehiiktu <*Miinehiiktu <*Miinehuktu ^
6. QUAPAW /Onkowe/ <*Onkuwe <*Honkuwe <*Miinehonkuwe <*Miindehonkduwe <*Miindehokduwa
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Ango/ <*Ongo <*Ongu <*Onguwe <*Onkuwe ^
8. KANSA /Angee/ <*Ongee <*Onguee <*Onguwe ^
9. OSAGE /Onguwee/ <*Onguee ^
10. HOCHAK ?
11.CHIWERE /Hiin’e/ <*Hiinge <*Hunke <*Hunku <*Hunkuwe <*Honkuwe ^
12. MANDAN ?
13. DAKOTA /Unkiiye/ <*Unkiiwe <*Hunkuwe ^
14. NAKOTA ?
15. HIDATSA ?
16. CROW /Biilu/ < *Miinuk <*Miinehuk <*Miinehuktu ^William Meuse
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