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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #13
*Tokeenda, whereThe next two words, #13 *Tokeenda “where”, and #14 *Tokandanq “when” resolved in my reconstructions to be fairly similar, though possibly accented differently. They still turned out to take rather different paths in each language. The Yesanechi equivalents are /Toka/ for ‘where’, and /Tokenaq/ for ‘when’.
The data for this word contains evidence of the ‘Northern Quapaw expulsion’ affecting Hochunk in ca. 1680. Before then, they had probably used the much older word /Tanda/ for “where”, as still survives in Chiwere, but probably around 1680 the Hochunk seem to have substituted the then-Quapaw word *Hakiinje. This chart supports that it was after the Dhegigan dialects had already branched off from Quapaw earlier, for they evidently had split when it was still *Hokeenje.
The Omaha word I found, /Wiinawnwata/, may or may not be unrelated to the others in its group, but if related, it is several degrees more corrupted than the others.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Tete/ <*Tehnte <*Tehinte <*Tehenda <*Teheenda <*Toheenda <*Tokeenda
3. YESAN /Toka/ <*Token <*Tokene <*Tokende <*Tokeenda
4. OFO /Manka/, /Beka/ <?*Woka <*’Oka <*Toka ^
5. BILOXI /Chakan/ <*Chaken <*Chakeen’ <*Chakeenda <*Chokeenda <*Tokeenda
6. QUAPAW /Hakii/ <*Hakiin’ <*Hakiinch <*Hakiinje <*Hokeenje <*Hokeenda <*Chokeenda ^
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Wiinawnwata/ <?
8. KAW /Howageejii/ <*Hogeejii <*Hokeenjii <*Hokeenje ^
9. OSAGE /Howaingee/ <*Howageejii ^
10. HOCHAK /Hachiinje/ <*Hakiinje ^
11.CHIWERE /Tanda/ <*Tonda <*Towenda <*Toweenda <*To’eenda <*Toheenda ^
12. MANDAN /Teweeta/ <*Toweeta <*Toweeda <*Toweenda ^
13. DAKOTA /Toqiiya/ <*Tokiiya <*Tokiinya <*Tokiinda <*Tokeenda
14. NAKOTA /Dokiiya/ <*Tokiiya ^
15. HIDATSA /Todu/ <*Tondu <*Tonde <*Tonda ^
16. CROW /Sho/ <*Cho <*Chodu <*Todu ^As usual for such pronouns, Rankin identifies several distinct Proto-Siouan stems in some of the words for “where”. Namely, he sees PS *-kan “other, distant” in Biloxi /Chakan/; he mentions *-wa (interrogative) for the Kansa word, but *Ho- (interrogative) plus *-ke (“other, far, across”) under the Osage word, so presumably then he would trace both of these words to PS *Ho-wa-ke. Hochunk /Hachiinje/, however, he says includes PS *Ha- (interrogative) and *-ja (locative), while Mandan /Teweeta/ is ascribed to *-we- (interrogative) and *-ta (locative). He also mentions the Crow, Hidatsa and Lakota words as all stemming from *To- (interrogative). He does not consider at all the words above for #2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, or 14.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #14
*Tokandanq, whenBelow is the path I worked out showing how Proto-Dakotan *Tokandanq “when?” might have developed into the related term in each language. The Yesan equivalent is /Tokenaq/.
The Kansa form /Haqan/ looks like it shares a history with Biloxi /Chokanan/, but unfortunately I haven’t determined yet the Quapaw or Ofo terms for “when”, which would shed more light on the question.
MERRY CHRISTMAS 1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Tumbete/ <*Tombate <*Tondat <*Towendat <*Towendaq <*To’endanq <*Tokandanq
3. YESAN /Tokenaq/ <*Tokananq <*Tokandanq
4. OFO ?
5. BILOXI /Chokanan/ <*Tokanan <*Tokananq ^
6. QUAPAW ?
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Athawnq-tiiyadii/ <*Adanq <*Andanq <*Kandanq <*Tokandanq
8. KANSA /Haqan/ <*Hakan <*Chakan <*Chokanen <*Chokanan ^
9. OSAGE /Eedon/ <*Edonq <*Adonq <*Adanq ^
10. HOCHAK /Jajenen/ <*Dadenen <*Tatenen <*Tatandan <*Totandan’ <*Tokandanq
11.CHIWERE /Tatandan/ ^
12. MANDAN /Taha/ <*Toha <*Tohan <*Toxan <*Tokan’ <*Tokanda <*Tokanden’ <*Tokandanq
13. DAKOTA /Tohan/ ^
14. NAKOTA /Dohan/ <*Tohan ^
15. HIDATSA /Tuwakaduk/ <*Towekadek <*Tokadek <*Tokandek <*Tokandak <*Tokandanq
16. CROW /Shotaleesh/ <*Chochalesh <*Tokanex <*Tokandek ^Rankin derives #5 above from Proto-Siouan *-nan “locative”; #7 & 8 from *Ha- “interrogative”; #9 from *E- “that”; for #11, he traces the first syllable to PS *Ta- “interrogative”, while the last syllable is PS *-ta “locative”; no clarification on the middle -ta- in /Tatandan/. He also would attribute #12 to *Ta- “interrogative”; and #13 to PS *To- “interrogative” + *-han, “long”. He does surmise #10 Hochak /Jajenen/ to come from PMV *Rhan “now”, but does not take this root all the way to PS. No mention at all on his site of words #2, 3, 14, 15 or 16 above.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #15
*Toxkeen, how.All the languages’ words for asking “how” show similarities, and are most likely to have all come from an original such as *Toxkeen (pronounced in American phonetics like /TOKH-cane/ with a nasal ‘n’). The Yesan equivalent is /Tokee/, /Tok/.
The current Chiwere term for “how?”, /Tanto/ (also /Tuntun/) followed a different history from *Toxkeen than the Hochunk /Jasge/, though it seems there is also an ‘archaic’ term for’how’ in Chiwere /Dahge/ or /Dathge/ that now usually means something like “I don’t care”…
Possible derivations from *Toxkeen:
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA /Tan’/ <*Tahn <*Taxin <*Taxken <*Toxken <*Toxkeen
3. YESAN /Tokee/ <*Tokeen <*Toxkeen
4. OFO /Chekon/ <*Chexkon <*Chexken <*Chexkeen <*Choxkeen <*Toxkeen
5. BILOXI /Chidiiqii/ <*Chetiqii <*Che’kee <*Chexkeen ^
6. QUAPAW /Hon/ <*Kon <*Ekon <*Exkon <*Texkon <*Chexkon ^
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Awn/ <*Hon ^
8. KANSA ?
9. OSAGE ?
10. HOCHAK /Jasge/ <*Dasge <* Taske <*Tashke <*Tashkee <*Toshkeen <*Toxkeen
11.CHIWERE /Tanto/ <*Tanton <*Tahton <*Tahkon <*Texkon ^
12. MANDAN /Tashka/ <*Tashke ^
13. DAKOTA /Token/ <*Tokeen ^
14. NAKOTA /Doken/ <*Token ^
15. HIDATSA /Toshee/ <*Tosh’ee <*Tosh’een <*Toshkeen ^
16. CROW /Shota/ <*Chocha <*Tosh’a <*Tosh’e <*Tosh’ee ^Rankin asserts that the Proto-Siouan word for “how” was *Taska – while this is mainly based on ‘how’ in Hochak and Mandan, he ignores all the other forms shown above in the other languages.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #16
*Chinkuna, notIt is difficult to find words for “not” in many language sources; often it is a verb inflection and not a lexical word. The verb inflections are also reflective of the original lexical word for “not”, though. From what I found, we can see several are vaguely like *Shiin, but this is not enough. Luckily, four words that turn up later on the Swadesh list become relevant here: Dirty, Dull, Bad and Animal. The reason is, when I did the reconstructions, I was able to detect that the original forms for all of these words seem to have been formed with “not”, joined to its opposite, i.e. not-clean, not-sharp, not-good, and not-human. In many of the descended languages, the ‘not’ part is no longer recognizable in these words, but a few of them I consider to be ‘dead-giveaways’:
Dirty: Omaha /Wadhiihi zhii/, Quapaw /Oniinshiige/
Dull: Nakoda /Peenashiin/, Chiwere /Pahiin shikunyii/, Omaha /Payazhii/, Osage / Bayiinzhii/
Bad: Chiwere /Piishkunye/, Omaha /Piyazhii/, Kansas & Osage /Piizhii/
Animal: Nakoda /Wamankashkan/, Dakota /Wamanqashkan/.The endings of these words clearly come from the original term for “not” and some give us a little more to work with, in particular the second word in Chiwere “dull”, /Shikunyii/, seems the most intact. However, all of these are western words, while in the conservative east we find the comparable /Ki…na/ in Yesan, also in Biloxi eg ‘dirty’ is /Kudiinii/, /Kudenii/ – from /De/, clean, plus the negative /Ku…nii/. On balance between *Shinkuniin representing the west, and /Kii…na/ the east, I think the first syllable of each might be best explained by an original *Chi- , drifting into *Shi- one way and *Kii- the other. (We might also note, we have a Woccon term for ‘dirty’ /Chiyowehdeh/, probably ‘not clean’, which seems to support *Chi-.) For the last syllable, I am favoring Yesan *-na as older than western *-niin (though I could easily be guessing wrong). Thus, my best guess for the original proto-Dakotan term for “not” is *Chinkuna.
1. WOCCON: ?
2. CATAWBA ?
3. YESAN /Kii…na/, /Yahan/
4. OFO /Nii/
5. BILOXI /Yame/, /Ku…nii/
6. QUAPAW /Azhii/
7. OMAHA-PONCA /Azhii/
8. KANSA /Azhii/
9. OSAGE /Zhii/
10. HOCHAK /Henke…niin/
11.CHIWERE /-nyiin/
12. MANDAN /-riinx-/, /-xii-/
13. DAKOTA /Shnii/
14. NAKODA /-shiin/
15. HIDATSA /-Ta/
16. CROW /-Sa/Rankin mentions Chiwere /Shikunyiin/, ‘not’, as composed of three Proto-Siouan roots all signifying ‘negative’, as *Ashii-ku-riin. He derives Dakota /Shnii/ from just the two roots, *Ashii-riin. He also sees *Ashii- in #6-9, Mandan /-xi-/, and Nakoda /-shiin/; *-ku- in Yesan /Kii-/ and Biloxi /Ku-/; and *-riin in Yesan /-na/, Ofo /Nii/, Biloxi /-nii/, Hochunk /-niin/,Mandan /-riinx-/, Hidatsa /-ta/ and Crow /-sa/ . These last two may seem a far cry from *-riin, but he explains them as having come via the intermediate forms <*-tha <*-rha <*-reha <*-riin+*ha (*ha being a Proto-Hidatsa ‘adverbializer’). (I would think the solution <*-da <*-na more likely for those two.)
William Meuse
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