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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #37
*Wadoncha, manAs normal for language families, there is some crossover and overlap between ‘man’ (adult male), ‘person, human’, and ‘husband’. Specifically, the Mandan, Dakota and Nakoda words, and Quapaw /Niika/, can also mean ‘person’, while Kaw /Niika/ can also mean ‘husband’; and Omaha has taken the Kaw word for ‘person’, /Niikashinga/, as its word for ‘man’.
‘Person’ , *Wadoncha-shinga, is also one of the compounds of *Wadoncha in my reconstructions, as well as ‘animal’, *Wadoncha-chinkuna (literally not man, ie not human). The presence of the negative *-chinkuna seems to have caused the descended forms meaning ‘animal’ to have developed quite differently from the respective words for ‘man’, but on their basis, although the paths below work out to *Watoncha, I have amended this to *Wadoncha, which would have been considered barely distinguishable anyway from the pronunciation *Watoncha.
The Yesan cognate /Wahtaka’/ would be applied mainly to an Indian man since other words were used for non-Indian men.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN /Wahtaka’/ <*Wahtoka <*Watonka <*Watoncha
4 OFO /Iitokii/ <*Wetoke <*Watonka ^
5 BILOXI /Inya/
6 QUAPAW /Niika/, /Toka/ <*Tonka <*Watonka ^
7 OMAHA /Niikashinga/<*Niika ^
8 KAW /Niika/ ^
9 OSAGE /Niika/ ^
10 HOCHAK /Wank/ <*Wanke <*Watonka ^
11 CHIWERE /Wange/ <*Wanke ^
12 MANDAN /Numank/ <*Nuwank <*Wanke ^
13 DAKOTA /Wiitchasha/ <*Wiichasha <*Wetasha < *Watoncha
14 NAKODA /Wiichasta/<*Wiichasha ^
15 HIDATSA /Matsee/<*Machee <*Wacha <*Watoncha
16 CROW /Bachee/ <*Machee ^Rankin has #3, 10, 11, 12, and 16 as from PS *Wanke, and #6a, 8, 9, 13, 14 as from PMV *Rinhka.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #38
*Wadoncha-shinga, person.As mentioned yesterday, the following words mean either ‘man’ (male) or generic ‘person’: Mandan /Nunmank/, Nakoda /Wiichasta/, Dakota /Wiitchasha/, and Quapaw /Niika/.
The following words show a parallel between the two words:
Hochak: /Wank/ man, /Wankshik/ person
Chiwere: /Wange/ man, /Wa’nshiige/ person
Kaw: /Niika/ man, /Niikashinga/ person
Osage: /Niika/ man, /Niikashiiga/ personSince these all seem to add a suffix from *-shinga (also seen in ‘child’ *Kajiintskashinga), to the word for ‘man’, I figure the original would have been *Wadoncha-shinga.
The remaining words for ‘person’ are:
Catawba /Yen/, Yesan /Nona/, Ofo /Anqua/, Biloxi /Anya/, and Omaha /Nu/.
Looking at these again now, I suspect they are related to the first part of Mandan /Nunmank/ ‘human’. So there may have been another term for ‘person’ such as *Nonk-wadoncha, and since these are the more conservative languages, this would suggest that *Nonk-wadoncha is actually an older term than *Wadoncha-shinga.William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #39
*Kajiintska-shinga, child.This word is seen surviving in its fullest form in Omaha /Shingazhinga/ and Kaw /Zhingahinga/. As we have seen, the word for ‘small’ or ‘little’ in both of these languages is /Zhinga/ (from *Kajiintska). While /Zhinga/ might appear to be the second element in the Omaha form, added to /Shinga-/, the /Zhinga/ appearing first in the Kaw version is suggested to fit better with the evidence, and the previous word *Wadoncha-shinga ‘person’.
The reconstruction *Kajiintska-shinga formed from ‘little’ + -shinga, would have become the ancestor of these other words for child: Quapaw /Shiizhiika/, Chiwere /Chiichiinye/, Dakota /Tchiincha/, Nakoda /Chiinja/, Osage /Zhinga/ (distinct from /Shinga/ ‘little’ in Osage), Catawba /Chigne/, Hochak /Ninkjank/, and perhaps more distantly, Mandan /Sukee/, Yesan /Onska/, Ofo /Hoshka/, Biloxi /Antetka/, Hidatsa & Crow /Daka/.
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh word #40
*Kutha-miinyanka, wife.The Yesan form for wife /Tamiihen/ was missed by Hale and subsequent scholars who mistook the Ta- as part of the possessive. The possessive forms were given as /Eetamiihen/, his wife, /Wiitamiihen/, my wife, /Yiitamiihen/, your wife, parallel with the forms /Eetamanki/, her husband, /Wiitamanki/ my husband, /Yiitamanki/ your husband. In all other occurrences, the regular possessive prefixes are Ee-, Wi- or Mi-, and Yi-.Hale assumed that the prefix was Eeta-, Wiita-, or Yiita- only in the words ‘husband’ and ‘wife’, thus taking ‘Manki’ as the raw term for husband, and “woman” /Miihan/ or /Miihen/ as the raw term for wife. However, this is unlikely to be correct, because a few years later, JNB Hewitt recorded the verbs ‘Tamankunse’, to take a husband, and ‘Tamihunse’ ‘to take a wife’. The Ta- must be part of the raw words for husband and wife and there is no reason to think the possessive prefixes were irregular for these words.
The correct word for ‘wife’ in Yesan thus established as /Tamiihen/, which clearly includes /Miihen/, /Miihan/ from *Miinyanka. Although the other languages’ terms for ‘wife’ did not preserve this obvious connection with their words for ‘woman’ (other than in Quapaw, where /Waqo/ is used for both) they can be traced to the original form *Kutha-miinyanka as shown below. Biloxi /Yiinka/ is another exception, it has coalesced with ‘husband’ *Chenanku into a generic term meaning “spouse”.
WOCCON /Yekawaw/
CATAWBA /Yegiiche/
YESAN /Tamiihen/ <*Kutha-miinyanka
OFO /Iithanenii/ <*Iithamenya <*Iithamiinya <*Hiithamiinya <*Kuthamiinya <*Kutha-miinyanka
BILOXI /Yiinka/=’spouse’
QUAPAW /Waqo/= ‘woman’
OMAHA ?
KAW ?
OSAGE ?
HOCHAK /Hichawn/ <*Hiithamii <*Hiithamiinya ^
CHIWERE /Iitamii/ <*Hiithamii ^
MANDAN /Kun’hee/ <*Kuthee <*Kutha <*Kuthamiinya ^
DAKOTA /Thawiichu/<*Thawiinju <*Thamiinya <*Iithamiinya ^
NAKODA /Tawinju/<*Thawiinju ^
HIDATSA /Iitadamiiya/<* Iithamiinya ^
CROW /Uwa/ <*Kutha ^Rankin gives the Proto-Siouan terms *Unhe, ‘wife’, obtained from Mandan and Crow, as well as *Iraran, *Irarin, ‘spouse’, which he claims to have discerned from Ofo /Iithanenii/, and Chiwere /Hiinage/ (that we saw earlier to mean either ‘woman’ or ‘wife’).
William Meuse
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