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Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #96
Takechu, to spit.In my view, all of the available forms for ‘to spit’ are interrelated, and from *Takechu as shown below.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Akche/ <*Akchu <*Takchu <*Takechu
5 BILOXI /Tuchku/ <*Tukchu <*Takchu ^
6 QUAPAW ?
7 OMAHA /Taxiitchu/ <*Taqiichu
8 KAW ?
9 OSAGE /Thaqii/ <*Taqiichu ^
10 HOCHAK /Sho/ <*Raxiisho <*Dakiicho <*Takechu
11 CHIWERE /Raxiige/ <*Raxiisho ^
12 MANDAN /Kso’sh/ <*Ksu <*Kechu <*Takechu
13 DAKOTA /Thagosha/ <*Tagosha <*Takechu
14 NAKODA /Tazosha/ <*Tagosha ^
15 HIDATSA /Akshuwe/ <*Akchuwe <*Akchu ^
16 CROW /Shuwa/ <*AkshuweRankin mentions #5, 10, 13, and 16 as from PS *Sho, “to spit”. However he has Ofo /Akche/ and Omaha /Taxiitchu/ together as from a separate root, the noun PS *Htase, “spit, foam”.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #97
*Greeba, to vomit.The words for languages #6-11 and 13-16 are all clearly cognate, and I figure from an original *Greeba. #3, 5 & 12 are less clear and may be something else.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN /Kiiksuq/
4 OFO /
5 BILOXI /Iinkneedii/
6 QUAPAW /Kdeewe/
7 OMAHA /Gtheebee/
8 KAW /Leebee/
9 OSAGE /Gtheebee/
10 HOCHAK /Resrii/
11 CHIWERE /Greewe/
12 MANDAN /Kee’wiinro’sh/
13 DAKOTA /Gdeepa/
14 NAKODA /Kneeba/
15 HIDATSA /Kadee/
16 CROW /Kalee/Rankin’s reconstruction for this same verb is *Kare, *Karepe “to vomit”
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #98
*Obeqon’, to blow.All of the forms meaning “to blow” seem to be interrelated. The evidence of the first syllable *O- is only from Hochak-Chiwere and perhaps like later Yesan, the O prefix was optional part of many such verbs.
For the second syllable *-be-, there are 3 instances of Bo-, 4 of Pu-, 4 of Bii-, 1 each of Be-, -we- and -wee-. B is medial between p and w and could have drifted in either direction, and -e- is a medial vowel that can drift in any direction.
For the *-qon’ ending, there is -gan (3x), -xan (2x) -qan-, -ghan, -gon, -xon’, -gun, -qun. the q is medial between the other sounds, the o is medial between a, o, and u; all agree on the nasalisation apart from Ofo and Biloxi, and the final glottal stop surviving in Osage just seems to fit so I added it to reconstruct Obeqon’ “to blow”1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA /Pu/
3 YESAN /Bequn/
4 OFO /Pusuhii/
5 BILOXI /Puhee/
6 QUAPAW /Biigon/
7 OMAHA /Biixan/
8 KAW /Biighan/
9 OSAGE /Biixon’/
10 HOCHAK /Howegun/
11 CHIWERE /Uweexan/
12 MANDAN /Puqanho’sh/
13 DAKOTA /Bogan/
14 NAKODA /Bogan/
15 HIDATSA /Bogan/
16 CROW ?Rankin mentions the Yesan, Hochak and Chiwere verbs among the descendants of his PS *Pex, to blow, but considers #6-9, 12-13 to be rather from PS *Puxanhe, to blow.
William Meuse
Proto-Dakotan Swadesh list word #99
*Oninxyanhide – to breathe.All available forms of the verb ‘to breathe’ are interrelated and I trace them to *Oninxyanhide as shown below.
Quapaw is most conservative this time, preserving all syllables, but evidence of the first syllable also appears in Hochak, Hidatsa, Crow, and of the last syllable also appears in Biloxi, leading me to suppose these were original syllables
Rankin’s reconstruction is *Rinhahe, *Rinha, at least the central syllables seem to be represented in his reconstruction.
1 WOCCON ?
2 CATAWBA ?
3 YESAN ?
4 OFO /Neshiihii/ <*Ninxyanhde <*Oninxyanhide
5 BILOXI /Niixtadii/ <*Ninxyanhde ^
6 QUAPAW /Oniiyanhiidee/ <*Oninxyanhide
7 OMAHA /Niiyu/ <*Niiyan <*Oniiyanhiidee ^
8 KAW ?
9 OSAGE /Niiyon/<*Niiyan ^
10 HOCHAK /Hininhe/ <*Hiniinhan <*Oninxan <*Oninxyanhide
11 CHIWERE /Niihan/ <*Hiniinhan ^
12 MANDAN /Riinhe’sh/ <*Niinhe <*Oniiyanhii <*Oninxyanhide
13 DAKOTA /Niiya/ <*Niiyan ^
14 NAKODA /Niiya/ ^
15 HIDATSA /Iiriiyahii/ <*Iiniiyahii <*Oniiyanhii ^
16 CROW /Iiliiyahii/ <*Iiriiyahii ^William Meuse
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